tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-84397681454583925972024-02-19T15:56:07.546-08:00"Another Pair Not Fellows"; Adventures in Research and Reinterpreting the American RevolutionTim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-86882497705752971772018-11-08T12:27:00.001-08:002018-11-08T12:27:20.791-08:00A Bronx (and Yonkers) Tale of Two Valentines<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitDM3a-mCmwJsOpAyTi2nXQ9YXiq2bZLqhIB1Ze6RWEfX7Cv4gmezOVZCvScxCVsNfs8zdHxCGD_0YbBgd2lfi8ugmI-Vj5Qnii5-9AzHjzbM4C9LMCGwZRppQW3IFGE-48oagAZlOcouQ/s1600/The+Two+Valentines+1770s.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1461" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitDM3a-mCmwJsOpAyTi2nXQ9YXiq2bZLqhIB1Ze6RWEfX7Cv4gmezOVZCvScxCVsNfs8zdHxCGD_0YbBgd2lfi8ugmI-Vj5Qnii5-9AzHjzbM4C9LMCGwZRppQW3IFGE-48oagAZlOcouQ/s400/The+Two+Valentines+1770s.png" width="365" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail from a map of a portion of Westchester County NY <br />
showing fortifications and localities in the 1770s</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
References to Valentine's Hill during the Revolutionary War might pertain to either of two different localities near the lower end of the Hudson Valley just north of Manhattan. Each was significant during this period, featuring maneuvers, skirmishes, and occupations from time to time by both Crown and Whig forces. Both were in what was then lower Westchester County. One site lies in the Bronx and refers to a hillside just North of the stone house owned during the war by Issac Valentine, and the other is just a few miles away in Yonkers and named for the family of Matthias Valentine (1698-1781), a freeholder whose leasehold of the property from Philipse Manor dates to 1720. Just to make things even more interesting, also Isaac Valentine was also originally from Yonkers, both men were apparently unrelated.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Having two places within a few miles of each other called Valentine's Hill can make things confusing for the unwary researcher. Boatner's brief entry for Valentine's Hill in his Encyclopedia of the American Revolution identities it as the site of Mount Independence but makes no mention the more prominent Valentine's Hill northwest of Mile Square in Yonkers where there were a number of significant skirmishes and where Washington twice made his headquarters. Claude Joseph Sauthier's 1777 map, <i>A Plan of the Operations of the Kings Army Under the Command of Sr. William Howe K.B.</i>, not only located Fort Independence in the wrong area, but also mistakenly places Mile Square by the southern of the two Valentine's Hills at the actual location of William's Bridge.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0VzOmDHVFjPDshyphenhypheneCvfKjOAfX0aN7Ej69NiUlTxjdAtmLLStNHL7ulNVqhyJgFtNBsTuBUmzdA9gvJGK00t1Ktm53vKHLipOb19mbYCW30SuC8mYqtwsESkcYZubq-L-O5vurCaGnaagD/s1600/Sauthier+map+detail+1777.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="505" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0VzOmDHVFjPDshyphenhypheneCvfKjOAfX0aN7Ej69NiUlTxjdAtmLLStNHL7ulNVqhyJgFtNBsTuBUmzdA9gvJGK00t1Ktm53vKHLipOb19mbYCW30SuC8mYqtwsESkcYZubq-L-O5vurCaGnaagD/s320/Sauthier+map+detail+1777.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail from the Saultier map (1777) that misidentifies Mile Square</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As a service to students of the history of this period and region, here is a listing of significant episodes that took place during the Revolution at what I will refer to as Isaac Valentine's Hill near Kingsbridge and at what I will call Matthias Valentine's Hill near Mile Square in Yonkers .<br />
<br />
<u>Matthias Valentine's Hill</u><br />
(Nearby localities: Valentine's Bridge, Mile Square, Mile Square Road, Tippett's Brook, Post's Hill, Saw Mill River, Philipses' Manor)<br />
<br />
The eminence known as Valentine's Hill took its name from Matthias Valentine, whose grandsons Thomas and Gilbert lived here as tenants of the Philipse Manor during the Revolution. The area was contested territory deep within "The Neutral Ground" and was occupied at various times by each of the opposing forces. Col. Frederick Philipse was a staunch loyalist whose lands were confiscated in 1779. The Valentines subsequently acquired more than two hundred acres of Valentine's Hill in 1785 when the Philipse lands were broken up and sold. Today, Valentine's Hill is the site of St. Joseph's Seminary, which is bounded on the north by the Cross County Parkway and on the south and west by Valentine Street. Nearby, Mile Square Road echos that long forgotten settlement.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizmcCM2exCvdXY84bj4k7vHOaooFL-nYvSZETzuHdWeNnN0zoodZfL3PGuuH7qBAeJa59wpZQLlgVn2TZ-r6ned6A8kWa4Hsxfi0fIwwpmwD_IsjoSudOSn0PypN3PQaHlrGnJ9jLYuEnM/s1600/Map+Country+Adjacent+to+Kingsbridge+Clinton+1781.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="536" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizmcCM2exCvdXY84bj4k7vHOaooFL-nYvSZETzuHdWeNnN0zoodZfL3PGuuH7qBAeJa59wpZQLlgVn2TZ-r6ned6A8kWa4Hsxfi0fIwwpmwD_IsjoSudOSn0PypN3PQaHlrGnJ9jLYuEnM/s400/Map+Country+Adjacent+to+Kingsbridge+Clinton+1781.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
[Summer 1775] The summit of Valentine's Hill is entrenched for the first time with a hill fort that will be expanded and re-occupied at subsequent periods by both Whig and Crown forces.<br />
<br />
[October 21- 22, 1776] George Washington made his headquarters with General Lincoln at "Valentine's at Mile Square" a week before the Battle of White Plains. His expenses were 20 dollars. While there, his correspondence included a letter to Elizabeth Williams Philipse, wife of the patroon. Elizabeth Valentine (1767 - 1854) is the source of an apocryphal account of a morning prayer lead by Washington with his staff.<br />
<br />
[January 27, 1777] Once again making his headquarters at Valentine's Hill, General Benjamin Lincoln wrote: <br />
<br />
" <i>These may certify, that on or about the 25th day of October last, I ordered Thomas Valentine's one yoke of oxen and cart, to be taken for the public service. They carried a load to the White Plains. There I discharged them. I am informed they were further taken on their return, and that Mr. Valentine hath not received them."</i><br />
<br />
[January 1778] William Erskine encamped on Valentine's Hill.<br />
<br />
[August 31, 1778] The decimation of the Native American company of Stockbridge Militia that took place along the Mile Square road between Cortland's Woods and what is now Woodlawn cemetery in the Bronx. This was about midway between the two Valentine's Hills, and as Brigadier General Charles Scott's letter of that date to General Washington makes clear, the Stockbridge men marched south from Matthias Valentine's Hill prior to the ambush:<br />
<br />
<i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-indent: 19.5px;">"...about 8 oClock this morning Colo. Gist Fell in with a partie of the enemy </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="GEWN-03-16-02-pb-0448" style="background-color: white; color: #004071; text-indent: 19.5px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; text-indent: 19.5px;">about two mile Below Philaps’s hous and after exchanging a fiew Shot they gave way leaving one killed Dead & Making three prisoners the Colo. Returnd to his Usial post without any loss—But I am sorry To inform Your Excellency that they retalliated on us in a Very fiew hours, Majr Steward with a partie of about forty, and Capt. Nimham with about the Same number parted at Volentines hill and appointed to meet at the forks of a road near the Enemys Picquet, but before or Rather about their meeting they saw a partie of horse In front after exchanging a fiew Shot the Horse Gave way the indians persued when they war led Into an ambucade Serounded by a large body of Horse and foot, as was also the Majrs partie there are not more than fourteen Indians Yet com in among the missing is Capt. Nimham his father and the whole of the officers of that Corps, Majr Steward tells me that he misses a Capt. Sub. & About twenty men from his partie, I am in Hopes it is not so bad as it at Preasant appears But I cant promise my self that it will be much Short of it..."</span></span></i><br />
<br />
[September, 1778] During the Grand Forage, General Kyphausen deployed his forces between Philipse Hall and Valentine's Hill as shown on the following contemporary map.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLcDvO6o85fVIC6i7qJ_bmkg8PpK6CEN3MoMOhj_dbeoMml7AcTn77Z35eJCFAjlLmAMkuLB1F8MbxKmRiChelDnyEmXOn8zKI_WlL70xX14Tvp8vmDxDJqCSBzVvhvgPcpCFJjfaDposw/s1600/wcl1ic_wcl001749_full_10050_6865__0_default.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1093" data-original-width="1600" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLcDvO6o85fVIC6i7qJ_bmkg8PpK6CEN3MoMOhj_dbeoMml7AcTn77Z35eJCFAjlLmAMkuLB1F8MbxKmRiChelDnyEmXOn8zKI_WlL70xX14Tvp8vmDxDJqCSBzVvhvgPcpCFJjfaDposw/s640/wcl1ic_wcl001749_full_10050_6865__0_default.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
[July 2-4 1781] Washington returns to Valentine's Hill and makes his headquarters here while the combined Franco-American forces encamp at Philipsburgh.<br />
<br />
<u>Isaac Valentine's Hill</u><br />
(Nearby localities: Kingsbridge, Fort Independence, Boston Road; Negro Fort, Valentine's house, Williams' house, William's Bridge and Fordham Manor)<br />
<br />
Isaac Valentine was a successful blacksmith and farmer from Yonkers who purchased his land on the Boston Road from the financially insolvent Dutch Reformed Church and build a two story stone house there in 1758. Isaac Valentine's family remained in residence during most of the war after an 11 months hiatus in 1776, but financial hardship in the early 1790's compelled him to sell his home and land to Isaac Varian. His house still survives and is the second oldest residence in the Bronx. It was moved in 1965 about 100 yards to its current location on the West side of the Williams Reservoir Oval as the home of the Museum of Bronx History at the Valentine-Varian House.<br />
<br />
[1/17/1776] A large number of American field pieces that had been stockpiled in Valentine's fields and on adjacent Williams' lands were spiked or "loaded with stones and other rubbish" by local Tories. More than 82 guns were unspiked in the following months. [Edsell, T.H.: History of the Town of Kingsbridge (1887) pg. 23].<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnHLxsfoT2H9pXwfpbulzi1bj7SzVXImy5EU6tJNCpxvHlwGucu3T7NtpQGOhrOkrH1J2JazhVZBS4jVOYXP_vE7WLPE3OJLjrDVjnfYIJUxu8a7Rw_noIM14VcUygDgSroyZ2zoO2koY/s1600/Scammell+Sullivan+map+1776.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="530" data-original-width="898" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnHLxsfoT2H9pXwfpbulzi1bj7SzVXImy5EU6tJNCpxvHlwGucu3T7NtpQGOhrOkrH1J2JazhVZBS4jVOYXP_vE7WLPE3OJLjrDVjnfYIJUxu8a7Rw_noIM14VcUygDgSroyZ2zoO2koY/s400/Scammell+Sullivan+map+1776.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portion of a map from October, 1776 prepared for General Sullivan by Alexander Scammell<br />
[Fort Independence is Number 11 on the map, and "Volentine's" lies to the East]</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">[1/17/1777 - 1/29/1777] The short-lived siege of Fort Independence by 6,000 CT state troops and New York militia included an engagement on January 25th in which a force of Hessians and the Kings Rangers drove the Americans off Valentine's Hill until they brought up artillery support and later retook the ground. John Woodruff of Litchfield, CT served in Captain Shubel Griswold's Company in Col. Whiting's State Regiment in 1777 and described his part in the action as follows:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>"</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202020;"><i>Our Comp’y was then stationed at Delancy’s Mills
for a month or longer, and while we were there we were attacked by the enemy in
the month of January or February, and driven back to Valentine’s Hill where we
had an action. Our Compy was the only compy stationed at the Mills, but several
other companies were stationed at or near the Hill. The attack at the Mills was
very sudden and we had hardly time to escape leaving our packs and baggage
behind us. When we reached the Hill we met the other troops where a stand was
made. Genl Wooster commanded during the engagement, and soon commanded a
retreat to the Hollow, where we formed and brought up some field pieces to bear
on the enemy when they retreated. One from our compy, Levi Smith was killed in
this action. After the action our Compy were stationed for a few days at
Valentine’s Hill, and then returned towards Saw Pits...</i> [Pension S.15721"</span></span><br />
<br />
[August 26, 1777] The Orderly Book of Delancey's (Loyalist) Brigade contains the following entry:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQ_cUDmf_8eLlTm8vUD-EFajU5Bttzs9OFb6OHT7db35w3Ue2mrBKsXOcgiZQvzh__Pv_FIhyphenhyphenn5mYGYwtt-g9UJ8TbKDRbragZCpgOOeXzmZ1Zmk9bZ0N0XDRNrHYoUFOkaIL1Zuwft-K/s1600/A+map+of+the+country+adjacent+to+kingsbridge+1781.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="599" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQ_cUDmf_8eLlTm8vUD-EFajU5Bttzs9OFb6OHT7db35w3Ue2mrBKsXOcgiZQvzh__Pv_FIhyphenhyphenn5mYGYwtt-g9UJ8TbKDRbragZCpgOOeXzmZ1Zmk9bZ0N0XDRNrHYoUFOkaIL1Zuwft-K/s400/A+map+of+the+country+adjacent+to+kingsbridge+1781.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail from A Map of the Country Adjacent to Kingsbridge (1781)<br />Prepared for General Clinton</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>"A Detachment of the Rebel Light Horse having carried off on Friday Morning last [August 22, 1777] part of the Picquet at Valentines Hill, through the Negligence of the Officer Commanding that out Post, the General desires to return his Thanks Major Genl Tryon, then Genl of the day for the disposition he made to check further the Insult of the Enemy who were lurking in some Force about our out Posts near Kingsbridge."<br /></i><br />
[July 21-23,1781] During the Grand Reconnaissance, in which a combined American and French force considered an attack on Manhattan, General Rochambeau found accommodation on July 22, 1781 at Issac Valentine's House. The allied forces briefly occupied territory that included Isaac Valentine's Hill and stretched from Fort Independence to Williams Bridge and south to Delancey's Mills.<br />
<br />
There are still some episodes from the war that require further confirmation before determining to which Valentine's Hill they refer. One of these is contained within the memoirs of General Heath, who recorded on September 16, 1782:<br /><br />"<i>The enemy made a grand forage near Valentine's Hill; Sir Guy Carlton was out in person, as was the young prince [William Henry]. The covering party, it was said, consisted of 5 or 6,000 men</i>."Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-50922119641646267402018-09-13T10:54:00.000-07:002018-09-13T11:59:57.834-07:00Sgt Enos Barnes Recalls His Miraculous Deliverance During Tryon's Raid and the Burning of Norwalk Connecticut<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Z24J61tGdlPOj1t_Tb7GEfch8f04fzewIMUdXRZmc2SUAHJ5okUvPGsyLemzXQCKlgRHBDJLgdrbpMxIUpWmh9VkqCt1F1oNhYHFBDVJbFOePwbtMe_JhrD_02i-Zv_2giwIZbmiTH7H/s1600/Enos+Barnes+Grave+Lakeside+Cemetary+Morris+CT.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Z24J61tGdlPOj1t_Tb7GEfch8f04fzewIMUdXRZmc2SUAHJ5okUvPGsyLemzXQCKlgRHBDJLgdrbpMxIUpWmh9VkqCt1F1oNhYHFBDVJbFOePwbtMe_JhrD_02i-Zv_2giwIZbmiTH7H/s400/Enos+Barnes+Grave+Lakeside+Cemetary+Morris+CT.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Sergeant Enos Barn[e]s lived in the South Farms area of what was then Litchfield and is now Morris Connecticut. The Morris Historical Society has a transcript of an unpublished diary or memoir written by Barnes to record his service during the American Revolution. Running more than 36 pages, the transcript offers a unique perspective on several well-known events between 1776 and 1783, including participation in the attack on Trenton and the Battle of Princeton and Monmouth. It also includes episodes that were of particular significance to him as a participant. Among these was his service, with a detachment from the Connecticut line, in the defense of Norwalk Connecticut during Tryon's raid in July 1779. The following excerpt provides one of the very few first-hand accounts that we have today by an enlisted participant in that fight.</b></span></span><br />
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“…<i>The enemy lay very still in New York, and our
army received orders to march to Fredericksborough</i> [1]<i>, where we lay taking
the pleasures that soldiers in a military life could expect. At length we
received orders to march to a place called Second Hill in Connecticut State </i>[2]
<i>where we stayed till some time in November</i> [1778]<i>, then we received orders to
march to Redding where we built huts and tarried there during the winter. </i></span><i><br /></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>At
this time we had but little news from the enemy, but however when Spring came
and the weather grew warm, we had orders to take the field so marching from our
old quarters, going to a place called Crumford </i>[3] <i>where we took quarters for
some days. At length we received orders to march to Peek’s[kill] but our stay
here was short for we soon moved to a place called Nelson’s Point </i>[4] <i>where we
pitched again. At length news came that the enemy was moving to the eastward,
but their destination was as yet unknown to us. Immediately from this, orders
came that a detachment from the Connecticut Line should be sent to Bedford.
With this party it happened to be my lot to go. So we marched to the place with
all haste imaginable and took quarters. But about 12 o’clock that night we had
orders to turn out and with all speed. We marched off and came into Stamford
about sunrise. Then the news came that the enemy had landed at Fairfield</i> [5]
<i>and set the town on fire, and consumed it to ashes. But soon there was speedy
news come that the enemy was come along the sound and was lying off against
Norwalk. We then received orders to march there as soon as possible which we
cheerfully obeyed. After we arrived there we perceived by
the motions of the enemy that they were about to land. Accordingly next morning
about break of day they began to land and they continued it till the sun was
about an hour high and it was not in our power to prevent it for they landed
under cover of their shipping. By this time there was some thousands of militia
collected in bodies around the town and the continental troops that was there
consisted of about 120 </i>[6]. <i>Now it being 7 o’clock in the morning we had orders
to advance and begin the attack. Dividing the detachment of Continental troops
into three parts, advancing up we gave them a salute, which they returned in
the warmest terms. We kept up the fire for some hours hot and heavy till some
fired upwards of 50 cartridges. At last we were obliged to give back by reason
of the militia not being disciplined and did not conduct themselves like experienced
warriors.</i></span><br />
<br /><i><span style="font-family: inherit;">
One thing I will mention and thanks be to the Almighty for my Deliverance which
was very miraculous. I was ordered to move a little to the left to see if the
enemy was likely to advance upon our flanks, and as I was getting over a fence
I found myself almost in an ambush of the enemy, for they let fly a shower of
balls upon me. But providentially a man was getting over the fence on my right
with his musket in his left hand which brought his bayonet close to my head and
a ball struck that, took a piece out of it and glanced the ball by my head,
which in all probability would have gone through my head provided the bayonet
had not been there.</span><br />
</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>
By this time the whole town was on fire, which was a terrible sight to behold,
to see a whole town consumed in flames. The enemy now began to draw near the
water, and so went on board again and fell down to the sound westward </i>[7]. <i>We
then was ordered to march back to Stamford where we stayed one night. After
this we made again to Peekskill where we pitched out tents and lay till the
weather grew so cold it that was time to go for winter quarters. We then
received orders to march for Morristown where we built huts in order to take
quarters for that winter. But we did not enjoy our huts long for the
Connecticut line received orders to march down and guard the line going into a place
called Springfield </i>[New Jersey]<i>, where we took quarters during the winter…</i>”</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
[1] Fredericksburgh was an area in the eastern portion of the Philipse Manor,
now part of Patterson and Southeast, Putnam County, New York. The Continental
Army encampment in 1778 was located here.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
[2] The October 1778 muster roll for Wright’s company was dated 11/4/1778 at Second
Hill, possibly a locality by than name in Stratford, CT.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">By the next muster December 2</span><sup>nd</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;">,
they were at Redding.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
[3] Crum Pond or Crompond was located to the east of Cortlandt Manor in what is
now Yorktown, Westchester County, NY, and a popular rendezvous place for CT
state troops during the war.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">The
5/15/1779 muster for Wright’s company of the 5</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> CT Continentals was
taken at this place.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
[4] Nelson’s or Nielson’s Point was located opposite West Point on the East
side of the Hudson River.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Wright’s company
of the 5</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> CT was mustered here in August and September 1779</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
[5] Fairfield was burned on July 7, 1779 during General Tryon’s punitive raid
on Coastal Connecticut.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Tryon attacked
New Haven and East Haven July 5 and 6</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;">; Fairfield on July 7</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;">,
and Norwalk on July 11</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
[6]</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">Enos Barnes was during this period was
a Sergeant in Captain Jonathan A. Wright’s company of Col. Philip Burr Bradley’s
5</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Connecticut Continental regiment. According to an account of the battle written by Brigadier General Parsons [ see note 7, below] , the Continental Troops available to him at Norwalk were commanded by three Captains: Betts, Eels and Sherman. Captain Stephen Betts of Stamford was in Webb's, later Butler's 2nd CT Regiment. Captain Edward Eells of Middletown was in Wylly's 3rd CT Regiment. These officers commanded </span>detachments<span style="font-family: inherit;"> comprising men from different units and companies, as is evident from Barnes's service from the 5th CT. About a dozen men from his company are listed "on Duty" during this period, including two Sergeants and a Corporal, and perhaps some of these were with Parsons at Norwalk under one or more of these Captains.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
[7] The battle of Norwalk was the last action of Tryon’s Raid on coastal
Connecticut.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">His official report of the
action reads as follows: </span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
“<i>The sun being nearly set before the 54</i></span><i><sup>th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;">, the Landgrave’s Regiment
and the Jagers were in the boats, it was near nine in the evening when I landed
them at the Cow Pasture, a Peninsula on the east of the Harbour within a mile
and a half of the bridge, which formed a communication between the east and
west parts of the village, nearly equally divided by a salt creek. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The King’s American Regiment being
unable to join us before three next morning, </span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">we lay that night on our arms. In our march at
the dawn of day, the 54</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> lead the column and soon fell in with the
rebel outposts, and driving the Enemy with great alacrity and spirit,
dispossessed them of Drummond Hill, the heights at the end of the village, east
from and commanding the bridge.</span> <span style="font-family: inherit;">It being
now but four o’clock in the morning and the rebels having taken post within
random cannon shot upon the hills of the north, I resolved to halt until the
Second Division landed at the Old Wells, on the west side of the harbour, had
advanced and formed the junction. Gen. Garth’s division passed the bridge by
nine, and at my desire, proceeded to the north end of the village, from whence,
and especially from the houses, there had been a fire for five hours upon our
advanced guards. The Fuzileers, supported by the Light Infantry of the Guards,
began the attack, and soon cleared that quarter, pushing the main body, and an
hundred cavalry, from the northern heights, and taking one piece of their
cannon.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">After many salt pans were destroyed,
whale boats carried on board the flied, and the magazines, stores and vessels set
in flames, with the greatest part of the dwelling houses, the advanced corps
were drawn back, and the troops relieved in two columns, to the place of our
first debarkation, and unassaulted took ship and returned to Huntington Bay.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">…The rebels in arms at new Haven were considerable, more numerous at Fairfield,
and still more so at Norwalk.</span> </i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>There were two hundred and fifty Continental
troops had now joined their militia, under Gen. Parsons, and together were said
to be upwards of two thousand. The accounts of their loss are vague. It could
not be trifling.</i>”</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">
Brigadier Samuel Parsons wrote to George Washington later that day after the British had withdrawn:</span><br /><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: right; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i>Wilton </i><u>[</u>Conn.] <i>11th July 79<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><b>Dr
Genl<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i>In my last, I informd
that the Enemy landed last Night:<u> </u>at four this Morning the Enemy on
their Advance were met by the Militia & some Skirmishing insued, but
without any considerable Effect on either Side; at about Six o’Clock the Troops
under Genl Wolcott, & my Small Detachment of 150 Conl Troops were joind
& took possession of an Emminece the North End of the Town. the Enemy
advanced in our Front & on our left Flank until about 9 o’Clock when they
were checkd in their Progress by the Vigorous Exertions of the Parties of
Militia & Conl Troops sent out to oppose them; and in Turn were compeld to
retire from Hill to Hill at some Times in great Disorder; we continued to
advance upon them until near 11 o’Clock when a Column having nearly gaind our
Right Flank; the Militia in the Center gave Way & retreated in Disorder;
this gave the Enemy Possession of our Ground. Genl Wolcott who commanded
exerted himself on this Occasion to raly the Troops & bring them to Order
again; but without Effect until they had retird about Two Miles when some
Troops being again formd returnd to the Aid of the Right & left Wings who
had retird but a Small Distance & in Order with these the Enemy were
pursued again and retreated with Precipitation to their ships. I have the
Pleasure to assure your Excellency the Conl Troops without Exception, they
being all ingagd behavd with the greatest Bravery. Capt. Betts who was the
first engaged with the Enemy & who continued longest in Action deserves
Particular Notice for his great Fortitude & prudent Conduct in the Battle,
he continued Advancing on the Enemy until the Center of the main Body gave way
& he with his Party advancd near a Mile at the Time by his Prudence were
able to effect a regular Retreat without any considerable Loss. Capt.
Eells on the Right & Cpt. Sherman on the Left were also ingagd & when
obliged to retire kept their Order & retreated with Regularity. A Body
of the Militia I think they were commanded by Major </i>[Phineas]<i> Porter & another
Considerable Detachment deserve honorable mention to be made of them. I am not
yet able to assertain our own or the Enemy’s Loss but in my next shall be able
to give a more particular Account. in my handful of Conl Troops, I have lost
five Men kild; Lieut. </i>[Samuel] <i>Gibbs </i>[of the 3rd CT]<i> &
Six Privates Wounded. I don’t know of any missing; some Loss the Militia have
sustain’d. I am satisfied the Loss of the Enemy must have been
considerable. About Twenty Boats landed on the West Side the Harbour at five
o’clock & immediately began to set fire to the Buildings, they compleated
burning the Town at about twelve o’Clock; this appears to have been their sole
Business as they ⟨did⟩ not stay to carry
off any Plunder of con⟨side⟩rable Value A few
Tory Houses are left which I hope our People will burn, as the Owners are here</i><u style="font-style: italic;">
</u><i>and have committed no Act by which the public can seise them: I imagine
Stamford will be the next object to wreck their hellish Malice upon, to that
Place I shall repair to Morrow. I am fully persuaded that five Hundred more Men
such as the brave Militia I have before mentiond & the 150 Conl Troops
would have given the Enemy a total defeat. the Numbers of the Enemy were about
2000. our Numbers between 900 & 1100.</i><u style="font-style: italic;"> </u><i>I am Dr Genl yr Obedt Servt<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i>Saml H. Parsons</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p>Captain
Stephen Betts later gave the following deposition at Norwalk on July 26<sup>th</sup>,
1779:</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">
<br />
</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">“<i>That
on the 11th Instant, while the Enemy invaded Norwalk, he with about Fifty
Continental Troops, and some Militia ingaged a superior Number of the Enemy,
which oblidged them to give way to an unequal Force, as they retreated John
Waters a continental Soldier fell into the Enemys Hands and delivered up his
Arms and begged for Life, but the Enemy notwithstanding assaulted him with
Bayonets with which they stabed him in sundry places, and then one of them
presented his piece, and aimed (as the Captive supposed) at his Body, but
missing that the Ball shattered his Arm whereupon finding no Qua</i></span><i><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">⟨</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">r</span><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;">⟩</span></i><span style="background: white; line-height: 115%;"><i>ter
he made a strong Effort to escape which he happily effected, soon after the
above Accident, John Rich an other Continental Soldier was shot so as to fall
and as the Enemy were nigh and Crowded fast on our People he desired Capt.
Betts to leave him, as they could not take him off without the greatest Hazard,
Capt. Betts saw Rich no more, but says Capt. Eeles of Colonel Wyllys’s Regiment
told him he saw Rich after the Enemy had retreated, about two Hours after Capt.
Betts saw him, he was then dead, and the Top of his Skull torn off supposed to
be blown off by a Musquet to dispach him and further saith not</i>”</span></b></span>Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-80028190489259680722018-07-09T20:28:00.002-07:002018-07-10T04:59:42.093-07:00The First Cruise of the USS Ranger in 1777-1778 as Remembered in Veterans' Pension Applications (Part I)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FBwd3B-X0LV2UapCHztUufhq-T5_deFLme1m9N5EK2vMGpcN2EUqVN1B9oudRBuvh0DyZ7DPbRoX2B1oCTZukKsxYxOTozC7COBBQ4vBjQuD8HTph3KVdszxiL0CoYtRnfkYa9mG7iHK/s1600/ranger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9FBwd3B-X0LV2UapCHztUufhq-T5_deFLme1m9N5EK2vMGpcN2EUqVN1B9oudRBuvh0DyZ7DPbRoX2B1oCTZukKsxYxOTozC7COBBQ4vBjQuD8HTph3KVdszxiL0CoYtRnfkYa9mG7iHK/s1600/ranger.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The first cruise of the United States Sloop of War Ranger under Captain John Paul Jones is celebrated in the annals of US Naval History for its daring and audacious raids on the British home islands, the taking of six prizes and the destruction of several more, and the defeat and capture of the 20-gun Sloop of War Drake after a bloody engagement in the Irish Sea. The cruise is well-documented in Volumes 10-12 of the <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/publications-by-subject/naval-documents-of-the-american-revolution.html" target="_blank">Naval Documents of the American Revolution </a>(NDAR), but there are other details-some of them unique in the surviving record - preserved within the pension application files on the service of some of the officers, seamen and marines who served on the Ranger in 1777 and 1778.<br /><br />Perhaps the most comprehensive and revealing of these accounts lies in the narrative of Revolutionary service presented by Solomon Hutchins of Kittery Maine, who made not one but three voyages on the Ranger and was one of the last of her crew to apply for and receive a pension in 1832 (S.2504). Hutchins was no fan of Captain Jones - he omits the honorific "Esq." which most of the other applicants appended to their Captain's name - and some of the fo'c'sle gossip he offers in his account as explanations for John Paul Jones' behavior during the cruise should be considered in the light of other conflicting documentation. Nonetheless his narrative on the whole is remarkably consistent with other declarations by Ranger veterans and official accounts and Hutchins provides a wealth of eye-witness detail that makes it clear that he was either an observer or participant in the episodes he describes.<br /><br />In this, the first of a multi-part series on the first cruise of the USS Ranger in 1777-1778 as remembered in their pension applications by those who served on board during this time, we follow Solomon Hutchins from his enlistment in Portsmouth as a marine through his service as a seaman under Captain Jones and then with Captain Simpson on the return home across the Atlantic, and his subsequent service under Simpson that resulted in his twice being captures and his saving a part of the Ranger's pennant by fashioning it into a handkerchief. This transcription has being broken up into paragraphs for ease of reading but is otherwise as recorded in 1832 in Hutchin's pension application:<br /><br /><i>"…he
entered as a marine aboard the ship Ranger for twelve months the time he does
not recollect but it was while the said ship was lying at Portsmouth N.H. that
he served as a sailor aboard said ship – that he sailed from said Portsmouth in
the fall of the year </i>[Novemner 1, 1777] <i>and returned the next fall </i>[October 1778] <i>that when he sailed said ship
was commanded by John Paul Jones </i>[Thomas] <i>Simpson
of said Portsmouth was first Lieutenant – </i>[Elijah] <i>Hall of said Portsmouth was second
Lieutenant - and </i>[David] <i>Cullam was sailing
master That he does not recollect the name of the captain of Marines </i>[1.]<i> – </i>[Samuel] <i>Wallingford was Lieutenant of Marines and killed in the battle between the
Ranger and Drake </i>[on April 24, 1778] <i>by a musket ball entering his forehead and passing through his
head that all of the officers of the Ranger are dead </i><br /><br /><i>– that when the Ranger
sailed from Portsmouth as aforesaid she sailed for France on her way took a
brig loaded with Malaga Wine raisins & grapes </i>[2] <i>and entered a place called
Piu Beef </i>[Paimboeff near the mouth of the River Loire] below Nantes] <i>that the Ranger then sailed to Brest </i><br /><br /><i>after that he cruised in the
Irish Channel and when opposite a fort the name of which he does not recollect </i>[Carrickfergus near Belfast, Northern Ireland]<i> a ship was discovered lying close under the guns of the fort</i> [the 18-gun Sloop of War Drake]<i> – that in the
night the Ranger run in and attempted to cut the ship out and run in with close
reefed topsails throwed out her anchor ahead in order to enable her to lay along
side or cut the ship out the Ranger swung under the stern of the ship the cable
of the Ranger was cut and she was put about and stood out for White haven </i>[3]<i>. When opposite White haven Capt. Jones went
ashore in the night time with two boat crews he returned aboard the next
morning and brought one or two prisoners and it was expected aboard the Ranger
that Jones had spiked the cannon – That he the said Hutchins did not accompany
the party </i>[4].<br /><br /><i>that the Ranger then went down the Channel and it was said aboard
robbed his old master of his plate and brought it aboard in bags that the said
Hutchins did not see the plate</i> [5].<br /><br /><i>that he the said Hutchins sailed for the port where
the said ship was lying and run in as near as they durst then put about crowded
all sail and the ship weighed her anchor at the same time took up the one the
Ranger had lost when her cable was cut as aforesaid and followed the Ranger and
came up with her an action commenced that continued an hour and five minutes
that the Ranger took the ship which was the Drake</i> <i>after the battle Jones took
the boat of the Drake and give it to a fisherman whose boat Jones had lost
Jones put the fore top sail of the Drake aboard the boat also a number of boys
and sent the sail as it was said as a present to Governor </i>[6].<br /><br /><i>after repairing the
vessels they sailed for Brest and in passing the Channel having the Drake in
toe (sp) they saw a large ship about day break and Jones commanded Simpson to
cut the hawser for he was going to give chance Jones gave Simpson no orders to
follow him and Simpson stood for Brest Jones in the Ranger run the Drake out of
sight and made signals for the Drake to come up that he the said Hutchins went
up into the top and help make the signals – the next morning the Drake was
right ahead of the Ranger The vessels were hove to and Simpson was confined to
the cabin of the Drake and Hall put aboard as commander – They were then
opposite some rocks called Scylla [Scilly] as he the said Hutchins things –
they then stood for Brest where they arrived and Jones put Simpson in prison
afterwards on petition of the officers and even to the agent Simpson was taken
from prison put into command of the Ranger and Jones taken out of the ship </i>[7].<br /><br /><i>that
they remained at Brest til the ships Boston and Providence arrived and that he
then returned in the Ranger to Portsmouth New Hampshire where he was discharged
having served more than his time he returned home to Kittery in the County of
York and the District of Maine and there remained two or three months that
he then entered again aboard said ship Ranger
the lying at said Portsmouth that he entered as a sailor for one year
and was appointed coxswain of one of her boats The officers of the Ranger were
the same as in the first cruise except Jones and the Lieutenant of Marines
–that he sailed in the Ranger in company with the Boston, Providence and Queen
of France and they took nine sail of the Jamaica Fleet –that he was put aboard
one of the prizes and the prize retaken and carried to Halifax where he
remained a prisoner till a cartel arrived when he was redeemed carried to
Boston Ms and from there returned to said Portsmouth where the Ranger was lying
and went aboard the Ranger and there remained and was aboard her when she
sailed for Charlestown South Carolina in company with the Boston and Providence
& Queen of France where they arrived were blockaded and finally taken by
the British that he struck the Ranger’s pennant and remained a prisoner till he
was exchanged sent to Philadelphia and from there returned home the time for
which he had enlisted having expired that he returned home in June or July and
enlisted in the spring the year before that he wore the star part of said
pennant home on his neck </i>[8]<i>…” </i><br /><br />[1.] Marine Captain Matthew Clarke, the only one of Jones' officers whom he himself appointed, was dismissed in February, 1778, after the Ship's Lieutenants and Sailing Master complained that a marine officer of his rank being carried on the rolls of a 20-gun ship was an infringement on their 3/20th share of prize money. This was but one of the divisions between Captain Jones and his junior officers and crew that would lead to a state of near mutiny during this voyage. It is evident that Hutchins sided with those who felt the Captain was in the wrong.<br /><br />[2] Ranger took two brigantines on her outbound voyage, both on route from </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Málaga, Spain to England with wine and fruit. The first was the Mary, taken on November 23rd, and the second was the George, taken on the 26th. The Mary made port at Nantes, while the George sailed to Bordeaux. The names of the prize crew on board the George are recorded in the Ranger's log and Hutchins is not among their number. Possibly he was put on board the Mary with Midshipman Joseph Green as prize master, or he may simply have neglected to record the second ship taken.<br /><br />[3] This episode is very consistent with John Paul Jones own account of his attempt to cut out the Drake, including the lost of the "best bower anchor" which the Drake subsequently recovered.<br /><br />[4] The raid on White Haven in Cumberland, England during the night of April 22-23 included an attempt by Captain Jones with his shore party to set fire to the shipping in the port, which by various mishaps and the less than attentive efforts of some of the Ranger's crew resulted in the lost of only a couple of British vessels. The guns of the fort were spiked, except for one or two which fired belatedly on the Ranger's withdrawing boats.<br /><br />[5] <span style="font-family: inherit;">Although he was once an apprentice to a Whitehaven shipowner and was born at nearby </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">Kirkdean in nearby Scotland</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">, there is no evidence that his master was ever the Earl of Selkirk, whose family silver was taken (and later returned by Jones) after the Captain and a party from the Ranger landed on St Mary's Isle the morning after the White Haven raid in an effort to capture the Earl who was not to be found.<br /><br />[6] Jones gave the boat to the fisherman, whose own craft he had detained on his first approach to Carrickfergus and had subsequently drifted away. The sail was not a gift to the Governor, though a prize taken earlier that month did contain furniture belonging to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Jones describes the incident with the fishermen in his May 27, 1778 report of his recent cruise to the American Commissioners in France; <span style="font-family: inherit;">"</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>It was now time to release the honest Fishermen whom I took up here on the
21st.—And as the poor fellows had lost their Boat, she having sunk in the late
stormy Weather, I was happy in having it in my Power to give them the necessary
Sum to purchase every thing new which they had lost.—I gave them also a good
Boat to transport themselves ashore and sent with them Two infirm Men on whom I
bestowed the last Guinea in my Possession to defray their travelling Expences
to their proper home at Dublin—they took with them One of the Drakes Sails
which would sufficiently explain what had happened to the Volunteers.—The
grateful Fishermen were in Raptures and expressed their Joy in three Huzzas as
they passed the Rangers Quarter</i>."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">[7] The arrest and imprisonment of Lt. Simpson, who had earlier been made Prize master of the Drake, brought tensions between the junior officers of the Ranger and their Captain to a head. Petitions by the prize crew of the Drake and from Lt. Hall, Sailing master Cullam and the ship's doctor in favor of Lieutenant Simpson denounced captain Jones's actions as unjust, while Jones felt that his junior officers had encouraged a state of near mutiny. Arguments have been made on both sides by historians ever since. Captain Jones did remain in France, because he had always wanted a larger ship and expected command of a Frigate, and Lt. </span>Simpson<span style="font-family: inherit;"> was restored from prison and sailed the Ranger home has her captain at the end of the cruise, retaining commander of her thereafter.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">[8] This amazing detail indicates that Coxswain Hutchins not only struck the Ranger's pennant before she was taken after the fall of Charleston on May 12, 1780, but he at least managed to conceal a portion of it - its blue ensign and white stars - during his time as a prisoner, wearing it a s a handkerchief about his neck when he was released. In order to have done so, it must have been one of the top mast pennants, rather than the Ranger's largest naval flag, which Hutchins took down. Perhaps it was made of silk. The image of this veteran sailor returning from war with the famous stars of his ship's flag knotted jauntily about his neck like a bandana in true sailor fashion is </span>truly<span style="font-family: inherit;"> marvelous and may very well have happened that way.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span>Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-19144390338065344472018-05-07T18:10:00.000-07:002018-05-07T18:11:56.312-07:00The Memoirs of Ebenezer Foot, Revolutionary War Veteran (Part II)[<a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-memoirs-of-ebenezer-foote.html" target="_blank">Part I can be read here</a>]<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: inherit;">After I got home my Master received my wages and I continued
to work for him until April, at which time I was twenty one years of age.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I then worked two months with Mr. Wells,
received my wages and went to Colchester, where I informed my father of my
inclination to go to sea.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>He appeared
Rather Mortified at my Resolution, but to demonstrate that he wished my success
he proposed my Postponing the Measure until he could provide me with necceries</i> [neccesities],
<i>and engage a birth on board some Vessel, commanded by a man of good Character,
he accordingly went to New London and engaged the Steward’s place for me on
board the Industrious Bee </i>[1.] <i>, Privateer, commanded by Captain George Allen </i>[2.] <i>of</i> [Providence]
<i>Rhode Island.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I embarked on board and
engaged for a cruise of 6 months.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">We had
not been long out of port, until I had occasion to suspect our Commander was
not a man of Courage.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>After the novelty
of the business I was engaged in, had subsided, and I began to reflect on my
employment, being only a licensed Robber, and associated with some of the most
infamous characters on Earth, our crew of 80 men consisting of some of the most
abandoned rascals of all Nations, I grew heartily sick of my situation, and on
falling in with the French Fleet under the command of Comte de Estang </i>(sic)<i>,</i> <i>I obtained
my discharge of the Captain and accompanied the French Fleet into the harbor of
New-Port, where I continued until the retreat & disaster that Befel</i> (sic) <i>the
Fleet in the Storm off the Coast.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">After
arriving at Boston with the ships dismasted and shattered, I returned to my
father Moneyless, and ashamed of the employment I had been engaged in, and
sincerely hope none of my Posterity will ever engage in Robbing and Plundering
their fellow Creatures, on account of it being sanctioned by law or custom – It
is in my opinion both wicked and base.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></i><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTaj_d_RErxqoOW5lx4xXoqfzCL4Bv4Yc8wI7oe2mOyjK0t5ps6iReEcGBHCl5Bu2yUpUv6xG_Senft_lN2biOXqu-gl6B-ITvnUPy94nifrJ1YSmmlBnPpdJnlPXjfL7ZvuwnFV-D-fkS/s1600/Crum+Pond.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="715" data-original-width="843" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTaj_d_RErxqoOW5lx4xXoqfzCL4Bv4Yc8wI7oe2mOyjK0t5ps6iReEcGBHCl5Bu2yUpUv6xG_Senft_lN2biOXqu-gl6B-ITvnUPy94nifrJ1YSmmlBnPpdJnlPXjfL7ZvuwnFV-D-fkS/s320/Crum+Pond.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>
After residing at my father about two weeks, I was employed by Col. Henry
Champion in the Purchasing Commissary Department</i> [Champion was made </span>Commissary<span style="font-family: inherit;"> General in May, 1781, which does not accord with the timeline of this narrative]<i>, and being ordered to camp to
receive Beef Cattle and deliver to the Army</i></span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I contracted an acquaintance with a number of Respectable Military
Characters – being stationed in the county of Westchester in the winter of 1778
-9.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>I contracted an acquaintance with
Jerusha Purdy</i> [of Yorktown, Westchester County, New York], <i>who I married the
October following.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Enemy that summer
having ravaged almost the whole Country, I removed her to my Father’s in
Connecticut, where I left her and returned to Camp.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The winter following winter I was stationed
at Fish Kill – appointed Superintendent of Live Stock for the whole army, in
which station I continued until the Purchasing Commissaries Department was
abolished in 1782.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>I then returned to
Crumpond</i> [Crum Pond village, now part of Yorktown, NY]<i> resided with my wife in the house of her Brother.</i></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i> </i></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>I being unqualified in some degree to Labour
by habits </i>[imbibed?] <i>in the Army, concluded to commence trader or merchant, and
began to traffic in such line as my finances would enable, which to be sure was
not large, having very little Property at my Command.</i></span><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">My accounts being unsettled, and the greater
part of the property bequeathed to my wife being destroyed, and sunk in paper
Money,</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I however made shift to support
myself and her without getting into debt – until the year 1784 at which time my
accounts were settled, and I had the pleasure to procure sufficient vouchers
for all the Public property that was ever committed to my care, and rec’d a
certificate from the Commissioners for settling the Public accounts certifying
that there was due to me 3795 dollars and 55-90</span><sup style="font-family: inherit;">th</sup><span style="font-family: inherit;"> of a dollar, to
which sum I was entitled to at an Interest rate of 6 per cent pr annum.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">This was the amount of all my property &
was hardly earned by faithful services performed for my Country.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>I contemplated having justice done me by my
Country, and ventured to embark in trade on a much larger scale than I had
hitherto done – this proved my ruin as to Property.”</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
[1.] Industrious Bee is listed, briefly, as a Rhode Island privateer, George Allen, Master, in William P. Sheffield's 1882 address to the Rhode Island Historical Society entitled Rhode Island Privateers and Privateersmen. This in not to be confused with the prize Brigantine "Industrious Bee" that was bought into Continental service and renamed "General Gates".<br />
<br />
[2.] George Allen is an elusive figure. He may also have been the Master of another equally difficult to document Rhode Island privateer, "Opdyke."Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-41919073917918416882018-05-07T12:15:00.003-07:002018-05-07T18:11:03.745-07:00The Memoirs of Ebenezer Foote, Connecticut Revolutionary War Veteran (Part I)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
The following [annotated] transcript was copied from the voluminous veteran's pension claim on the Revolutionary War service of Ebenezer Foote (1756 - 1829) of Colchester Connecticut. It is a lively and engaging account of service on land and sea, with anecdotes of incidents during the Siege of Boston, the defense of Long Island and the loss of Manhattan, and subsequent service on a Rhode Island privateer, with the French Fleet off Newport, and in the Commissary Department in Westchester County, New York. Some of Foote's quite detailed account can be independently corroborated. I have tried to transcribe it accurately, with only minor standardization of spelling and adding paragraph breaks where they assist the narrative. I have divided it into two parts and will post them sequentially.<br />
<br />
<span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>“Memoirs
of the Life of Ebenezer Foote”</i> [Siege of Boston 1776, New York-Trenton 1776]<br />
<br /><i>
I was the 6<sup>th</sup> child of Daniel Foote, the son of Nathaniel, whose
father came from Durham in England and settled in a town of the same name in
Connecticut. My grandfather was one of
the proprietors, and first settlers of the town of Colchester where I was born
on the 12<sup>th</sup> day of April, 1756.
My father having a numerous family, and barely possessing a competency
to support them was unable to give his children an education equal to their
wishes, They were however taught to read and write a legible hand I was allowed
to go to school until I was eleven years old , after which I never was at
school a day. When I was in my tenth
year, having a desire to see the world, I left my Father’s house in the night
and traveled to New London, a seaport town about 20 miles distant, with an
intent to embark for the West Indies with my oldest brother, but after spending
two nights in a barn in the month of December, the Captain discovered and sent
me back to my father, who received me without correction, a think rather
uncommon as he was severe in his discipline.</i><br />
<br /><i>
The following Spring I was sent alone and on foot to Brookfield, in order to
learn the trade of House Carpenter & Chaise Maker of one Hitchcock, a
relative of my Mother’s, he being a morose, unjovial fellow, I soon got sick of
him and his trade. In the Fall I had a
severe fit of the bilious Cholic </i>(sp)<i>, which nearly deprived me of life, but
getting better My Father sent for Me home.
In the Spring I was bound an apprentice to one Chamberlin of East
Windsor to learn the trade of Hat Makeing </i>(sp)<i>, where I continued to serve him
faithfully until the year 1775, when the unhappy affair at Lexington announced
the approaching war. By consent of my
Master I enlisted as a private soldier in</i> [Lt.-Col] <i>Col. George Pitkin’s Company</i> [of Hinman’s 4<sup>th</sup>
Connecticut Regt.] <i>and arrived at Camp at Roxbury, time enough to share in the
famous Battle of Bunker Hill, where the brave Warren fell. Just after the British entered the works,
after we retreated from the Hill, I repaired immediately to Roxbury and joined
my Company, where I was severely reprimanded for absenting myself and going to
Cambridge and Bunker Hill without leave of my officers.</i></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUObv3Iq_xmt5fRdTWrD6u3ubfsOB_1vLb-9O2ai4t8tY74BWWL97fP6meUIVSElbrfmh3KY-wkUyuuYZpa2Qt7WsniOMlMb39K9LC6S2LXeHiNN9s4b13gBiulqeaB7m-l5WHxGhJJrwV/s1600/Moon+Island.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="984" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUObv3Iq_xmt5fRdTWrD6u3ubfsOB_1vLb-9O2ai4t8tY74BWWL97fP6meUIVSElbrfmh3KY-wkUyuuYZpa2Qt7WsniOMlMb39K9LC6S2LXeHiNN9s4b13gBiulqeaB7m-l5WHxGhJJrwV/s640/Moon+Island.png" width="392" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
<br /><i>
During the Campaign but few opportunities offered of seeing the enemy out of
their entrenchments, and being a private soldier I had no means of gratifying
the inclination I then felt. However
one afternoon I got leave to go out in Boston bay a fishing with two others of
the company in two whale Boats. During
the time we were a fishing, I discovered a few of the British on Moon Island
</i>[in Quincy Bay], <i>and after a little persuasion prevailed on my comrades to
land, which we did, and found the enemy consisting of a Sergeant’s guard on the
retreat, we proceeded on and set fire to about 40 thousand Rails and 20 tons of
hay they had collected to carry to Boston.
The alarm was given and boats were dispatched by the Boyne ship of war</i>
[3<sup>rd</sup> Rate, Captain Hartwell] <i>and the Castle. My comrades by the persuasion of one [Aaron] Olmsted
the Adjutant embarked while I was setting fire to the furthermost bale of Hay,
and left me, but on coming to the point and calling to them one boat returned
and we got safe to Squantum </i>[in Quincy] <i>though the British were very near overtaking us,
and kept up a heavy fire which generally went over us. The Troops on shore were alarmed &
paraded on our landing. The officers
after enquiring </i>(sp)<i> the Cause of alarm gave me a severe reprimand and ordered that
I should go no more on fishing voyages, as the whole was charged to my
account. </i><br /><br /><i>
The next Spring I went a volunteer on Dorchester Point, when the first works
were erected on that and Nook Point, where I stayed seven days and caught a
violent cold which almost deprived me of my eye sight for 2 months. Our terms of enlistment being expired, I
returned Home and settled with my Master who received all my wages and bounty
money. </i></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><i style="font-family: inherit;">I
worked about six weeks at my trade, and then enlisted in Captain Simon Woolcots
Company </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">[of Fisher Gay's Regiment of Connecticut Levies] </span><i style="font-family: inherit;"> raised in East Windsor to go to New York, I set out in capacity of
Corporal. After we arrived at New York I
was ordered by the Col. Fisher Gay to learn the officers of the Regiment the
Manual Exercise, which I found was a very hard task, as they were generally
very ignorant and by no means willing to submit to discipline, being generally
old honest Farmers who thought it inconsistent with the character for freemen
to submit to the strict discipline necessary to form the character of a
soldier. I was however releived </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">(sic)</span><i style="font-family: inherit;"> from
that duty about two weeks after we were ordered on Long Island, as the British
landed there and gave us other business to transact. </i><br /><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">T</span><i style="font-family: inherit;">he night that it was said the British were
landing there was a most violent Thunder storm, and there being no artillerymen
at Brooklyn, I turned out a volunteer with others to assist Captain </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">[Thomas?] </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Randall </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">[of the 3rd Continental Artillery?] </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">in
taking 2 Brass 6 pounders and one nine inch Brass Howitzer to Graves End in
order to oppose the landing of the British.
We had a Horrid night of it, being obliged to draw the pieces ourselves,
and the frequent flashes of Lightning rendering us blind to the road. We arrived at the high ground near Graves End,
about 4 oclock in the Morning, where we continued until the next day, when we
were ordered to occupy the high ground to the Eastward overlooking the flat land </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">[Flat Bush]</span><i style="font-family: inherit;"> near the church, which station we kept until the battle of Long Island,
frequently going down and</i> <i style="font-family: inherit;">fireing </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">(sic) </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">on the British, at and near the Church. In one of those excursions we were covered by
a party of Rifle men under the command of Maj. Green</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> [ I have been unable to positively identity this officer] </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">, and had orders to burn
the wheat stacks where the enimy’s </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">(sic) </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">picket guard was kept, which was performed,
but not without the loss of some men killed, and a few men wounded amongst
which was Maj. Green and Captain Thompson </i><span style="font-family: inherit;">[I am unable to positively </span>identity<span style="font-family: inherit;"> these officers or their unit(s)] </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">of the Rifle Men, we had one of our
guns dismounted by a shot, which struck the barrel over the trunnion</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (sic), </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">but we
saved it. Our howitzer was struck on one
side of the muzzle by a shot and battered 6 inches. Three horses we had received the day before
were killed, so that we were obliged once more to draw our pieces back by hand. </i><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfdYdvvHfcsJoag2meKY1IG7YbjpFWQFeubv2Dk76PDZkirycrJn-ONnh1IoV8dKIW2oKSTSPKZ4AUpCtOxM6XNaOStUG8uNfzF0D3zV1jv104Hrm8wBoF0s_8ct_dRyeX6uTPUdL3Awd-/s1600/Battle+Long+Island+Map.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="777" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfdYdvvHfcsJoag2meKY1IG7YbjpFWQFeubv2Dk76PDZkirycrJn-ONnh1IoV8dKIW2oKSTSPKZ4AUpCtOxM6XNaOStUG8uNfzF0D3zV1jv104Hrm8wBoF0s_8ct_dRyeX6uTPUdL3Awd-/s400/Battle+Long+Island+Map.png" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
<br /><i>
Soon after the Enemy made a general attack on the advance part of our army, in
which we were driven back to our lines with the loss of our field artillery,
and some of our best troops. The seven
succeeding days our duty was constant and very fatiguing, being obliged to
stand great part of the time in the water up to our Middle and being kept under
arms night and day, until we retreated from the Island which happily effected
with very little loss although the enemy pressed our rear very hard and fired
on the boats from the shore. I being
overcome with fatigue and want of sleep, set myself down by the side of a stoop
near the Fly Market </i>[at Dock St. a block from the Long Island Ferry] <i>and fell
asleep. In the afternoon when I woke up
I found myself at least 2 rods from the place where I sat down, without
discovering when I was removed. Three days later this our Regiment was all ordered
on guard to Turtle Bay and the Marsh south of it, we took our posts about
sunset, at 12 oclock at night we discovered four or five of the</i> <i>Enemys</i> (sic) <i>ships
under way coming up the East River, they passed us and came to anchor in Turtle
Bay, on the morning of 15<sup>th</sup> September we were ordered into a small ditch
opposite the above ships within half pistol shot of two of them, we got
possession of our ground just before sunrise and could with truth say that a
worse place was never occupied by any troop, The ditch was so narrow that two
could not lay abreast in it, nor could we cover ourselves from the Enemies
Musquetry. When we were flat on the
ground in the bottom our our Intrenchment (as it was termed) consequently we
lost a number of Men during the time of the Enemies landing, which commenced
about 10 oclock in the morning and was completed about 1 oclock P.M. during all
which time a most tremendous fire was kept up by all the ships, five in number,
though fortunately for us their Common shot were all directed over us and we
were annoyed only with small arms and swivels which however killed and wounded
an great number of our men. About half
an hour after they had landed their last Division the Shiping ceased </i> <i>fireing</i> (sic) u<i>pon which all our troops who were
able, left the ditch and marched up the Hill in the utmost confusion and
disorder, the men being almost famished with hunger and thirst, were More
desirous of allaying it than of preparing to defend themselves against the
enemy they knew was in their rear.
Consequently as soon as we had reached the level ground on top of the
hill and were all trying to get water from a Neighboring well, The Hessian
Grenadiers who had been concealed in a thick wood adjoining the orchard in
which we were began the attack, and in about 15 minutes the whole regiment were
cut to pieces and made prisoners, except as few cowardly souls who quit their
ground the first onset, and with the Brigadier General and Major made their
escape. The General name was </i>[James] W<i>adsworth
from Durham in Connecticut, and the Major’s name was</i> [Edward] <i>Mott</i> [ of Gay's Regiment] <i>from Plainfield in
the same State, and two greater Poltroons never has commissions. After the enemy had done killing those who
they though refractory, they Marched on toward the City with their prisoners of
which I was one. <br /><br />
</i></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-B3lOgNrtHyoewsNhReLs8j-h5slECDN9Zw0vwQUEXRGgx0sVkBxqSD7x_L8D8_S8HjEykKgE120z_eAaif0HlpMvrynuK5N4bjX3q9M9JCmJYtlRBxVn4w1Oplmr8OeYt7XFPDpKTTwu/s1600/Turtle+Bay+1782.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="799" data-original-width="1163" height="435" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-B3lOgNrtHyoewsNhReLs8j-h5slECDN9Zw0vwQUEXRGgx0sVkBxqSD7x_L8D8_S8HjEykKgE120z_eAaif0HlpMvrynuK5N4bjX3q9M9JCmJYtlRBxVn4w1Oplmr8OeYt7XFPDpKTTwu/s640/Turtle+Bay+1782.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><br /><br />
We were extremely ill used and not allowed either victuals or drink that day. At night the</i>[y] <i>were shut up in Bridwell</i> [Prison, located at what is now City Hall Park] a<i>nd
a Guard of Hessians placed on the outside of the yard. Myself and eleven others watching an opportunity
when the Guard were carousing, and inattentive, made an escape over the fence,
and proceeded along the Bank of the North River as far as Greenwich in hopes of
getting a boat in which we might cross the River, the whole of us being
strangers to the way to King’s Bridge, we were however disappointed there being
none to be found, we then held a consultation what to do, and finally a large
majority agreed to go back and give themselves up, but Myself and one John Wood
Sergeant Major of the Regiment </i>[ Col. Gay's, enlisted June 24, 1776, discharged Dec 29th, 1776]<i> determined on attempting an escape by way of the
River we took an affectionate leave of our fellow prisoners who accompanied us
to the waters edge and saw us set off on each of us a Pine Board numbers of
which lay near the River, and after about Five and a half hours exertion we had
the good fortune to reach the Jersey Shore at a village called Communipaw below Powles Hook, but at the time
of our landing I was so Much exhausted that I could not stand & had it not
been for the assistance of my Comrade, who was a stout hearty man, I could
never have landed, by his assistance I got to a House near the waters Edge,
where by being dried by the fire & having my body & limbs rubbed, I
recovered strength sufficient to set off from thence a little before day
light. The good man at whose house we
were gave us a little Milk which was the only nourishment I had taken for more
than 48 hours, except my own urine and the Salt water out of the River. He also gave us such directions as enabled us
to cross the Marsh and get into Bergen Wood before day light. </i></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Z40IyzC-mtBNGYua7E_TnYRPM6FHs402HGmgSqqXOH_eCKjLL5d2iAOLHohCPmthPD_AWm8GZOqqiKO7db1X267E44enqSAnrPj5MYMpymfKOpJAcg4fB2bQdoEPlPMjp2DorC7SA7P1/s1600/Escape+from+New+York+Map.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="474" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Z40IyzC-mtBNGYua7E_TnYRPM6FHs402HGmgSqqXOH_eCKjLL5d2iAOLHohCPmthPD_AWm8GZOqqiKO7db1X267E44enqSAnrPj5MYMpymfKOpJAcg4fB2bQdoEPlPMjp2DorC7SA7P1/s400/Escape+from+New+York+Map.png" width="400" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i><br /><br />About 10 oclock in the Morning we arrived at
the English Neighbourhood where we got refreshment & found many sick
belonging to the Army. In the Afternoon
we crossed the River at Fort Washington and joined the army again, where I
continued through all the fatigues and hardships until after the Hessians were
taken at Trenton with no other clothing but what I had on when I crossed the
</i>[River]<i> consisted of a Shirt, Hat, overalls, one Flow’d vest, Handkerchief
& pair of old Linen Stockings – General Washington discharged us with his
thanks after taking the Hessians at Trenton, and I arrived in Connecticut on the
7<sup>th</sup> day of February – From the 15<sup>th</sup> of September my shirt
had never been washed without being put on again wet, or I had remained naked
until it was dry, and the greater part of the time I was tormented with Lice
& the Itch.</i></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><i> </i></span><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">[<a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2018/05/the-memoirs-of-ebenezer-foot.html" target="_blank">Part 2 continues here</a>]</span></span>Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-55559802395067248162018-04-10T10:25:00.006-07:002018-04-10T12:23:08.130-07:00A Memorial for Litchfield's Soldiers of the Revolutionary War <div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Americans did not erect statues of Continental soldiers in
their town squares in the decades following the American Revolution, nor list
the names of their war dead on pedestals.
Such commemorations belong to a later time and reflect the sensibilities
and mourning customs of the 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> centuries. The revolutionary generation had other
priorities after the war. <br /><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">It is true that Congress authorized a memorial
in January, 1776 to the fallen Brigadier General Montgomery, and had Benjamin Franklin
oversee the contract with a French sculptor, but it honored one individual and
was installed in 1788 within New York’s St. Paul’s chapel rather than the
public square. The Prison Ship Martyrs
monument began in 1808 as a modest effort to collect and inter the bones of
those who had died on prison ships in Wallout Bay, but the crypt and memorial
were relocated and redesigned on an increasingly grand scale in 1867, 1873 and
1908. <br />
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">
Like many New England communities, Litchfield Connecticut has a number of war
memorials on its Town Green, as well as a monument to the 2<sup>nd</sup> CT
Heavy Artillery near the field where the regiment mustered in 1862. Aside from
a tree planted in 1902 on Arbor Day by the Mary Floyd Tallmage Chapter of the
Daughters of the American Revolution, there is nothing on the Green dedicated
to the memory of the men of Litchfield who served in the Revolution. There is now an effort in the community to
erect such a monument, anticipating Litchfield’s tercentenary in 2019, and I
have been invited to assist.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">
There are a number of challenges to overcome, in addition to the financial cost
of commissioning a new memorial and the intricacies of the various stakeholder
interests involved in its design and approval.
There is also the question of which names should be included on the
monument. It becomes a problem of
geography, of documentation, and above all of accuracy, for what we write in
stone has authority.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">
The D.A.R. compiled a list in 1912 of 507 names associated with Litchfield on
its Honor Roll of Revolutionary War soldiers, including reference citations for
each name. Among these are men like
Ethan Allen who were born here but moved away and whose service is associated
with other places. It also includes
prominent veterans like Benjamin Tallmage who moved to Litchfield after the war
and whose notable service gave luster to the community. Some of the men on the list served with
distinction, while others deserted. Some
died in service. Some served from Morris
that was once part of Litchfield but was later incorporated with the name of
one of its illustrious veterans. Some
men, though perhaps not very many, should have been included on the Honor Roll as
veterans from Litchfield but were not.
This will all have to be sorted out.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">
Names on a plaque do not tell the story.
30 men from Litchfield in a company of 36 either died during the capture
of Fort Washington in November, 1776, or of disease and neglect in captivity
over the next few months. Several more were
missing in action at Germantown with no record of subsequent captivity. One, a man of 78 years, responded to the
Danbury Alarm and was shot in the head after helping pursue the Crown forces
back to Long Island Sound. One died in
the taking of Stony Point. One served in
the Carolinas and fought at Guildford Court House and the Siege of Ninety
Six. One transferred from the 5<sup>th</sup>
Connecticut to the Georgia battalion in 1777 and may have previously been a British deserter. One was a bombardier with Lamb’s
Artillery. One was carried half a mile
by his brother before being captured after Germantown. Three were African Americans. Ten received supplies for their families as
part of an enlistment incentive in 1777.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">
In subsequent posts, I will share some of their stories.</span></span>Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-71250381147320689422017-02-01T00:00:00.000-08:002017-02-01T10:25:55.433-08:00History Carnival CLXII: Double LP Edition<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguXAUx29JGzpc3zraHs1VLLvbWicCblQFUk0_6wj0nAY4wKQbPowaUlCRozUXjph00IKjiI4AKGQzlhSNpp4nKFa9xnXcUKYeCePvjOTXGgBdZ6_eCvlLss6vEkQj0veCZ4jdQJDLmNchp/s1600/not+fellows.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguXAUx29JGzpc3zraHs1VLLvbWicCblQFUk0_6wj0nAY4wKQbPowaUlCRozUXjph00IKjiI4AKGQzlhSNpp4nKFa9xnXcUKYeCePvjOTXGgBdZ6_eCvlLss6vEkQj0veCZ4jdQJDLmNchp/s200/not+fellows.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mismatched buckles and shoes </td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLmJ50bEKaVpdHzjMZNsP5qR6t26_KH-zp2V2YI-0zXo7zZhZxJ9sV1Lqk2qgljuNVuyCttt9XNBoOCL-OPQT789E-Ti1L8Bz27iMOM85Z0Yrp7jKyyIVPYwK9YIQvlfqgdYVwqSuxduMl/s1600/hlogo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLmJ50bEKaVpdHzjMZNsP5qR6t26_KH-zp2V2YI-0zXo7zZhZxJ9sV1Lqk2qgljuNVuyCttt9XNBoOCL-OPQT789E-Ti1L8Bz27iMOM85Z0Yrp7jKyyIVPYwK9YIQvlfqgdYVwqSuxduMl/s1600/hlogo.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://historycarnival.org/">http://historycarnival.org</a>/</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Welcome to <b>History Carnival 162</b> at "<i><a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">Another Pair Not Fellows</a></i>", so named because certain "runaway" advertisements from colonial American newspapers default to this archaic phrase when describing absconders wearing mismatched sleeve links, stockings or shoe buckles. To give but one example: a Dutch serving man in New Jersey took to his heels back in 1773 with<br />
<br />
<i>"a </i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><i>broad
brimmed Felt Hat, Snuff coloured Jacket, old cloth coloured ditto, old Blue
breeches, white shirt, coarse grey stockings, and new shoes, with Buckles </i><i style="text-decoration: underline;">not
Fellows</i><i> </i>[emphasis mine]</span><i>."</i></span><br />
<br />
This is my third time at the turntable as host of the <b>History Carnival </b>(see <a href="http://greensleeves.typepad.com/berkshires/2007/09/history-carniva.html" target="_blank">HC 56</a> and <a href="http://greensleeves.typepad.com/berkshires/2011/07/history-carnival-100.html" target="_blank">HC 100</a>) but it is the first time in many years. It is also the first time at
this blog, where my 18th Century historical interpretation and material
culture research interests went to live after I put<a href="http://greensleeves.typepad.com/" target="_blank"> <i>Walking the Berkshires</i></a> on ice. So let me be your DeeJay and I'll lay some righteous history grooves on you here at<i> Another Pair, &c</i>.<br />
<h2>
<b>DISC ONE</b></h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgainA6IChPgkil9yynyOAfvieVsxP50G42Gf06MRCd1UWPQ3dXRZWd1Lfjnl6qapHV3paQiauLzxXch7Erp4DLyy14iF3vwsO99a3aXpgHJ4wsq-O7yL4in9ThEnMdnophIyYcwrn2ZooW/s1600/Electric+Ladyland.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgainA6IChPgkil9yynyOAfvieVsxP50G42Gf06MRCd1UWPQ3dXRZWd1Lfjnl6qapHV3paQiauLzxXch7Erp4DLyy14iF3vwsO99a3aXpgHJ4wsq-O7yL4in9ThEnMdnophIyYcwrn2ZooW/s200/Electric+Ladyland.png" width="199" /></a></div>
<b>TRACK 1: "1985" - BOWLING FOR SOUP.</b> You get two phat months for the price of one with <b>History Carnival 162</b>, covering both December of last year and January of this one. Hipster youth, and others like me who are old enough to be their parents, will appreciate that this happy circumstance is akin to savoring the double LP of "Blonde on Blonde" or "The White Album" in all its sprawling glory. In keeping with this musical vein, <i>Not Another Music History Cliché</i> unravels some <a href="https://notanothermusichistorycliche.blogspot.com/2017/01/many-mozart-myths-paupers-grave-labor.html#more" target="_blank">Mozart Myths</a>. For a history of the spinning discs themselves, from the shellac era to the rebirth of vinyl, look no further than this post at <i><a href="https://www.vinylloversunite.com/blogs/vinyl-records-blog/the-history-of-vinyl-records" target="_blank">Vinyl Lovers Unite</a></i>. <br />
<br />
<b>TRACK 2: "AMERICAN PIE" - DON McLEAN. </b> If you prefer platters of a different sort, you might be inspired, as was Rich Halpern while at the AHA 2017 Annual Meeting this month, to investigate <a href="http://blog.historians.org/2017/01/muddled-history-denver-omelet/" target="_blank">The Muddled History of the Denver Omlete</a> at the <i>AHA Blog</i>. <i>Early Modern Whale </i>is making <a href="http://roy25booth.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-accomplished-cook-makes-umble-pie.html" target="_blank">Umble Pie</a>, while <i>Four Pounds of Flour</i> makes a <a href="http://www.fourpoundsflour.com/eight-flavors-country-captain-chicken/" target="_blank">Chicken Country Captain from the 1850s</a> and ponders naturalization. <a href="https://gesteofrobinhood.com/2017/01/16/from-barman-to-highwayman-the-case-of-william-hawke-d-1774/">A Tapster turned Highwayman</a> is revealed at the blog <i>Here Begynneth a Lytell Geste of Robin Hood</i>. At <i>Process: a blog for american history</i>, Mario Sifuentez makes a good case for lying to his students by offering "<a href="http://www.processhistory.org/sifuentez-teaching-food/" target="_blank">a class called the history of food but it’s about workers</a>."<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNZusyGGT55QiAT7bDTUXf9YGHgPMhltOpBphDEzae2OJTIO6ruNxNlsBw5EqHUq7U9PD5f3T91TBS85vDBkdUQr3akZ_AklxitZQTSVcF71jZxqg5mfsdqwh6BRB2eVxVXXE-L3ME_oDX/s1600/Women+drifitng+focus+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNZusyGGT55QiAT7bDTUXf9YGHgPMhltOpBphDEzae2OJTIO6ruNxNlsBw5EqHUq7U9PD5f3T91TBS85vDBkdUQr3akZ_AklxitZQTSVcF71jZxqg5mfsdqwh6BRB2eVxVXXE-L3ME_oDX/s320/Women+drifitng+focus+1.jpg" width="213" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo credit: Wilson Freeman<br />
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/DriftingFocusPhotography/" target="_blank">Drifting Focus Photography</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>TRACK 3: "THE REVOLUTION WILL NOT BE TELEVISED" - GIL SCOTT-HERON. </b>Because the era of American Independence is an old standard here at "<i>Not Fellows</i>", the next cuts on our Carnival relate to research and historical interpretation of this general period. Don Hagist at <i>British Soldiers, American Revolution</i> continues to document the lives of otherwise anonymous enlisted men with a profile of <a href="http://redcoat76.blogspot.com/2017/01/robert-mason-23rd-regiment-of-foot-born.html" target="_blank">Robert Mason of the 23rd Regiment of foot</a>, who first appears on the battalion rolls at the tender age of seven. <i>Kitty Calash</i>'s post, <a href="https://kittycalash.com/2017/01/10/occupy-princeton/" target="_blank">Occupy Princeton</a>, describes a brilliantly conceived public history event in which a force of military occupation and its impact on the lives of local civilians (mainly women) had center stage. <i>British Tars 1740-1790</i> examines <a href="http://britishtars.blogspot.com/2016/12/a-new-sea-quadrant-1748.html" target="_blank">A New Sea Quadrant, 1748</a>, and describes this useful navigation aid as well as the apparel worn by the sailor depicted with it. J.L. Bell at <i>Boston, 1775</i> looks for evidence of "<a href="http://boston1775.blogspot.com/2017/01/a-comma-in-middle-of-phrase.html" target="_blank">a comma in the middle of a phrase</a>." <i>At the Sign of the Golden Scissor</i>s describes a contract to design <a href="http://thegoldenscissors.blogspot.com/2016/12/working-on-our-figures.html" target="_blank">clothing for two figures</a> - woman and child camp followers - for a permanent exhibit at the new Museum of the American Revolution in Philadelphia.<br />
<br />
<b>TRACK 4: "DON'T YOU (FORGET ABOUT ME)" - SIMPLE MINDS.</b> Judith Weingarten at <i>Zenobia: Empress of the East</i>, asks "<a href="http://judithweingarten.blogspot.com/2017/01/where-are-real-women-of-ancient-world.html" target="_blank">Where are the Real Women of the Ancient World?</a>" Where indeed, and while we are at it, <i>Yvonne Seale </i>wonders, "<a href="http://yvonneseale.org/blog/2017/01/14/not-just-adams-rib-including-women-in-the-medieval-survey-course/" target="_blank">where are the Medieval women in your college survey course</a>?" Phoebe Evans Letocha guest blogs at<i> <i>Medical Heritage Library</i> </i>on <a href="http://www.medicalheritage.org/2016/11/30/women-veterans-of-world-war-i/" target="_blank">Women Veterans of World War I</a>. <i> Our Girl History</i> <a href="https://ourgirlhistory.wordpress.com/2017/01/25/dare-to-interpret/" target="_blank">dares to interpret the untold</a>. Over at <i>Last Real Indians</i>; <a href="http://lastrealindians.com/history-snobs-ask-why-now-by-trace-l-hentz/" target="_blank">Trace L. Hentz calls out selective memories </a>and historians and institutions that are that are late in acknowledging suppressed and oppressed history. It is a nettlesome read and worth taking the the time to do so, particularly for insights like this:<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>"So, how DO you keep violence alive in a museum exhibit or book but not make people throw up or pass out? Very carefully...Memory Studies are a new big thing. Memory is emotional, so history done right is capable of invoking a wide range of emotions..to create empathy but not traumatize." </i><br /><br /><b>TRACK 5: "AIN'T GWINE WHISTLE DIXIE" - TAJ MAHAL.</b> Kevin Levin</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">, who has been deeply engaged with memory studies for more than a decade</span> at<i> Civil War Memory</i>, shares his excitement about the newly designated <a href="http://cwmemory.com/2017/01/16/reconstruction-era-national-monument-a-reality/" target="_blank">Reconstruction Era National Monument at Beaufort, South Carolina</a>. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>Millard Fillmore's Bathtub</i> examines <a href="https://timpanogos.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/millard-fillmores-letter-to-abraham-lincoln-december-16-1861-the-trent-affair/">a letter written by its eponymous ex-president to Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1861. <br /><br /><b>TRACK 6: "RESPECT" - ARETHA FRANKLIN.</b><i> The Women's History Network</i> introduces us to <a href="http://womenshistorynetwork.org/edith-moreley-the-first-female-professor-in-britain/#more-6483" target="_blank">Edith Morely, Britain's first female professor</a>, while Historiann laments; <a href="https://historiann.com/%20%20%20https://historiann.com/2016/12/30/a-womans-work-is-never-done-part-ii-and-even-when-it-is-its-not-on-the-syllabus/#more-27616" target="_blank">A woman's work is never done (part II), and even when it is, it's not on the syllabus</a>. </span><i>The Australian Women's History Network</i> hosts a tribute in <a href="http://www.auswhn.org.au/blog/marilyn-lake-festschrift/" target="_blank">celebration of the internationalism of feminist historian Marilyn Lake</a>, with reminiscences by her many colleagues and friends. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs0RDcyBcuQOgZHDHpfiatKO-sT4G21AeQT1m6M3zAQnz0L35YsVnMnnrgieFffN6tK2xc8B8v5tJXkAwf1Myd36GJiql7L_FDDvInTUpNiqSS4Memig8GDAjxuxQmX2yCPzFIcdytJViJ/s1600/Canals.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs0RDcyBcuQOgZHDHpfiatKO-sT4G21AeQT1m6M3zAQnz0L35YsVnMnnrgieFffN6tK2xc8B8v5tJXkAwf1Myd36GJiql7L_FDDvInTUpNiqSS4Memig8GDAjxuxQmX2yCPzFIcdytJViJ/s320/Canals.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>TRACK 7: "THE EDISON MUSEUM" - THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS. </b> Blogs hosted by institutions large and small weigh in with such fascinating posts as a <a href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archeologists-discover-ancient-pet-cemetery-egypt-180961292/?utm_source=smithsoniandaily&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20161206-daily-responsive&spMailingID=27259670&spUserID=NzQwNDU0NjEzMDMS1&spJobID=941260108&spReportId=OTQxMjYwMTA4S0" target="_blank">2,000-year-old pet cemetery</a> at <i>Smithsonian.com</i> (hat tip: <i><a href="http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2016/12/archeologists-discover-nearly-2000-year.html" target="_blank">World History Blog</a></i>) and <i>Gremsdoodle Library</i> with <a href="http://gremsdoolittlelibrary.blogspot.com/2017/01/22-blocks-in-schenectady.html" target="_blank">22 blocks in Schenectady</a>. Another Upstate story is revealed by <i>Hoxie!</i> in a post about <a href="http://hoxsie.org/2016/12/05/fred_lillie/" target="_blank">armless train announcer Fred Lillie</a>. Just a short way up the canal, <i>the Friends of Scoharie Crossing</i> tell us about the notorious locks known as <a href="http://friendsofschohariecrossing.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-sixteens.html" target="_blank">The Sixteens</a>. Our friends at <i>Fort Ticonderoga blog</i> discuss the <a href="http://www.fortticonderoga.org/blog/uncommon-sufferings/" target="_blank">heavy casualties taken by provincial rangers</a> under Robert Rogers during the Battle on Snowshoes in 1757.<br />
<h2>
<b>DISC TWO</b></h2>
<b>TRACK 8: "OLD AND IN THE WAY - DAVID GRISMAN".</b> David Gills at <i>Looting Matters </i>looks back at <a href="http://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2016/12/looking-back-over-2016.html">disputed cultural property and illegal trafficking in antiquities during 2016</a>. <i>Dumpdiggers</i> lauds the trend in office lobby museums and describes <a href="http://dumpdiggers.blogspot.com/2016/12/baltimore-9-printer-custom-printing.html" target="_blank">an artifact of office printing technology from the 1880s</a>, now on display at a business in Toronto. <span style="font-family: inherit;">Flavia at <i>Ferule and Fescue</i> muses about the relevance of <a href="http://feruleandfescue.blogspot.com/2017/01/for-reference.html" target="_blank">reference books</a> in the digital age. </span><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>TRACK 9: "U.N.I.T.Y." - QUEEN LATIFA. </b>The group blog <i>The Australian Women's History Network </i>generated a number of excellent posts as activism against gender violence. Among these are Lucinda Horrick's <a href="http://www.auswhn.org.au/blog/out-of-the-closets/" target="_blank">Out of the Closets: A Homosexual History of Melbourne</a>; Dianne Hall on <a href="http://www.auswhn.org.au/blog/domestic-violence-history/" target="_blank">Early Modern Domestic Violence</a>; Sheilagh Ilona O’Brien on <a href="http://www.auswhn.org.au/blog/wicked-women-communal-violence/" target="_blank">Witchcraft and Communal Violence</a> and Vera Mackie discussing <a href="http://www.auswhn.org.au/blog/grandmother-and-girl/" target="_blank">militarized sexual abuse during the Asia-Pacific War</a>.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv7Vkb5gAW4-FIVGmrd2CYZ6A5QUS9WVg-eMju8Yf7QGJQHPw01rog28FO4ebyymcXpLU7DqX6AQXSlWPmf_XYbNbYF9OazqQiK7vj7n_HH1nsby7qQJMVQmHc3sqmQPu1evbL9-F1OtHR/s1600/rasputin_listovka.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv7Vkb5gAW4-FIVGmrd2CYZ6A5QUS9WVg-eMju8Yf7QGJQHPw01rog28FO4ebyymcXpLU7DqX6AQXSlWPmf_XYbNbYF9OazqQiK7vj7n_HH1nsby7qQJMVQmHc3sqmQPu1evbL9-F1OtHR/s320/rasputin_listovka.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
<b>TRACK 10: "EVERY DAY I WRITE THE BOOK" - ELVIS COSTELLO & THE ATTRACTIONS.</b> Up next, we've got a number of book reviews. Casey Schmitt at <i>The Junto</i> discusses Sowande' Mustakeem's <a href="https://earlyamericanists.com/2017/01/10/manufacturing-bodies-a-review-of-slavery-at-sea/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+thejuntoblog+%28The+Junto%3A+A+Group+Blog+on+Early+American+History%29" target="_blank">Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex and Sickness in the Middle Passage.</a> Viola at <i>bookaddiction </i>shares her thoughts on <a href="http://bookaddiction.blogspot.com.au/2017/01/kick-kennedy-charmed-life-and-tragic.html" target="_blank">Paula Byrne's biography of Kathleen "Kick" Kennedy</a>. Jonathan Dresner at <i>Frog in a Well</i> offers <a href="http://www.froginawell.net/frog/2016/12/a-thought-on-military-and-transnational-history-in-lieu-of-a-review/" target="_blank">a thought on military and transnational history in lieu of a review</a> <span style="font-family: inherit;">of Kenneth Swope’s <i>A Dragon’s Head and a Serpent’s Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War</i>. <i>The Renaissance Mathematicus </i>reads <a href="https://thonyc.wordpress.com/2017/01/11/he-fought-for-his-mother/" target="_blank">an excellent biography on Kepler's <span style="font-family: inherit;">m</span>om</a>. </span><i>Legal History Blog</i> offers lessons learned from writing <a href="http://legalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-chapter-from-hell.html#more" target="_blank">The Chapter from Hell</a>.<br />
<br />
<b>TRACK 11: "PLASTIC FANTASTIC LOVER" - JEFFERSON AIRPLANE.</b> It is <strike>hard</strike> difficult to resist a scholarly blog named <i>Dirty Sexy History</i>, or a post in which Jessica Cale investigates unabashedly <a href="https://dirtysexyhistory.com/2016/12/01/russias-greatest-love-machine-sex-and-rasputin/">whether Rasputin really was a love machine</a>. Among other things, a case is made that while the Mad Monk was hot, sex for and with him was a spiritual experience. At this same blog, Dr. Stephen Carver offers a straight faced, though hardly straight laced study of <a href="https://dirtysexyhistory.com/2017/01/19/the-lays-of-ancient-rome-pompeiian-pornography-and-the-museum-secretum/" target="_blank">The Ancient Lays of Rome</a>. Expect to hear more from DSH, as they will be hosting HC 163 in March.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvpDOH7kv9U4FJhtH_x5pbWuRX2CknVKw8p45ApnkBkR77BuXrmnKexPidgIPyXpx83VoBe6p-b-_BjH7cO6BhX5uQGOYpTzrCJ9S3xYYj58Jq2gWuKRjQIXzC4Q9olt1h6ES5MBjUVDH0/s1600/golden.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvpDOH7kv9U4FJhtH_x5pbWuRX2CknVKw8p45ApnkBkR77BuXrmnKexPidgIPyXpx83VoBe6p-b-_BjH7cO6BhX5uQGOYpTzrCJ9S3xYYj58Jq2gWuKRjQIXzC4Q9olt1h6ES5MBjUVDH0/s320/golden.jpg" width="268" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tim O'Brien #alternatefacts</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>TRACK 12: "HOUSE OF THE RISING SUN" - THE ANIMALS. </b>At<i> Art and Architecture, Mainly</i>, Hels highlights <a href="http://melbourneblogger.blogspot.com.au/2016/12/greenwich-village-in-new-york-art.html" target="_blank">Greenwich Village in New York - Art , Literature, Progressive Politics</a>. <i>English Building</i>s profiles <a href="http://englishbuildings.blogspot.com.au/2016/12/victoria-and-albert-museum-london.html">The Victoria and Albert Museum</a>. For period architecture of quite a different sort, check out the extraordinary, <a href="http://majorthomasfoolery.blogspot.com/2017/01/chinese-hutong-buildings-in-28mm.html" target="_blank">scratch-built 28mm scale model siheyuan block</a> at the historical war-gaming blog <i>Major Thomas Foolery's War Room</i>. Museum dioramas were my gateway to history as a little boy, and the research and artistry brought to this grownup project are of the highest order.<br />
<br />
<b>TRACK 13: "WHAT IT MEANS" - DRIVE-BY TRUCKERS. </b> Alternate facts abound with America's post-expert POTUS. Historians know the difference and they document the hell out of it. <i>Executed Today</i> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/1573:%20Gilles%20Garnier,%20loup-garou">burns a werewolf</a>. <i>The Many-headed Monster</i> examines <a href="https://manyheadedmonster.wordpress.com/2016/12/05/fake-news-a-very-early-modern-problem/#more-4381">the history of Fake News in the 17th century</a> and compares it to that of the present day. <i>Airminded</i> investigates claims of <a href="http://airminded.org/2016/12/31/caligulas-horses-death-ray-i/#more-16664">Death Ray development between the wars</a>.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-UWslu4kk-S2CgXo2VmbnctYETBBDT1rZ5Z6Yt1mb4DjUdeM2nGfTNx0EiTLKHudncjRNhiFzKIWF4S9Yu4Dtxp1l4oT63IZtwMJn79KNc_uvIIZzBWsub5BrACdOpRECYAdkhyphenhyphen0D9xMW/s1600/seuss.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-UWslu4kk-S2CgXo2VmbnctYETBBDT1rZ5Z6Yt1mb4DjUdeM2nGfTNx0EiTLKHudncjRNhiFzKIWF4S9Yu4Dtxp1l4oT63IZtwMJn79KNc_uvIIZzBWsub5BrACdOpRECYAdkhyphenhyphen0D9xMW/s320/seuss.jpg" width="252" /></a></div>
<b>TRACK 14. "HELP SAVE THE YOUTH OF AMERICA" - BILLY BRAGG.</b> The verdict of <i>The Progressive Professor</i><a href="http://www.theprogressiveprofessor.com/?p=29537" target="_blank"> puts Barack Obama in the top 10 </a>(now of 45) American Presidents. <i>Politics and Letters</i> calls out Henry the K and compares him to Doctor Strangelove at the ending of the American Century, adviser as he is to the now President Trump while he <a href="https://politicsandletters.wordpress.com/2017/01/18/the-ending-of-the-american-century/" target="_blank">slams the Open Door of US Foreign Policy.</a> <i>The Broken Elbow</i> chronicles<a href="https://thebrokenelbow.com/2017/01/19/martin-mcguinness-record-as-ira-chief-of-staff/" target="_blank"> the lengthy record of Martin McGuinness </a>as IRA Chief of Staff. Patrick Rael <a href="http://www.aaihs.org/demystifying-the-13th-amendment-and-its-impact-on-mass-incarceration/" target="_blank">demystifies the 13th Amendment and its impact on mass incarceration </a>at <i>Black Perspectives</i>. <i>Nigerian History Channel</i> considers <a href="https://maxsiollun.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">models of national reconciliation 47 years after </a>the end of the Nigerian Civil War. Timothy Burke cautions at <i>Easily Distracted </i>that we need to <a href="http://blogs.swarthmore.edu/burke/blog/2016/12/08/the-room-where-it-happens/" target="_blank">start to recognize our connections to conspiratorial readings as well as our alienation from them</a>. Chris Gehrz writes at <i>The Anxious Bench</i> on <a href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2017/01/on-dying-for-a-cause/" target="_blank">Faith, Resistance and Self-Sacrifice</a> and concludes;<br />
<br />
"<i>if we find ourselves...governed by 'an irresponsible clique that has yielded to base instinct' — then I can only pray that God will give me and you the strength not to hesitate, not to calculate or procrastinate, but to defend what is right without fear</i>."<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Oct9lOHeqkOmNSptTn-9608I-fNZklu-qFz1Ww3spXIcddAFUqPn5T4WMjqcMOqN15F7AvwR4gv9le1UzJOEpDwpFPfe3DuEi_V_fRafjOWw0QmPgcVSQ8RGBxFzipUPbuUsvFlHpzcH/s1600/Newport+Press+gang+by+John+Collin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Oct9lOHeqkOmNSptTn-9608I-fNZklu-qFz1Ww3spXIcddAFUqPn5T4WMjqcMOqN15F7AvwR4gv9le1UzJOEpDwpFPfe3DuEi_V_fRafjOWw0QmPgcVSQ8RGBxFzipUPbuUsvFlHpzcH/s400/Newport+Press+gang+by+John+Collin.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Public History flashback:<br />
Naval Impressment, Newport Rhode Island, 1765<br />
Photograph by John Collins</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>BONUS TRACK: "FIGHT FOR YOUR MIND" - BEN HARPER. </b>My favorite sign from the global Women's Marches in January reads as follows:<br />
<br />
<i>"What do we want? Evidence-based Science!"<br />"When do we want it? After Peer Review!"</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
So say we all.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIjtjeVLfHIVAwcnAvIJgZagG-eT8Hh3TqPSHqY7hkHc_9VwvXtYqWW1hM2cHLBAE6NolthTAIgWh-vyxRqhixLTijiHRABdPyaaWoTypWBDkENDzw-0xY7QZjZztSdbqn_1Wfr5-kynBh/s1600/Tim+Abbott+macaroni.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIjtjeVLfHIVAwcnAvIJgZagG-eT8Hh3TqPSHqY7hkHc_9VwvXtYqWW1hM2cHLBAE6NolthTAIgWh-vyxRqhixLTijiHRABdPyaaWoTypWBDkENDzw-0xY7QZjZztSdbqn_1Wfr5-kynBh/s320/Tim+Abbott+macaroni.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Your Humble Blogger, <br />
resplendent in striped calimancoe</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>LINER NOTES:</b> <br />
<br />
Time to face the music. Yes, this was actually a carnival of history's untold stories and under-represented voices, all served up with musical accompaniment. I actively sought to highlight these posts and bloggers and you can too.<br />
<br />
The next edition of the <b>History Carnival</b> - <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->N<sup>o.</sup> 163 - will be at <a href="https://dirtysexyhistory.com/" target="_blank">Dirty Sexy History</a>. Be sure to <a href="http://historycarnival.org/form.html" target="_blank">nominate the Best History Blog Posts of February, 2017</a> and consider hosting this Carnival yourself. <br />
<br />
There's no school like Old School. <br />
Rock on.<br />
<br />Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-22621008676111802592017-01-13T09:25:00.003-08:002017-01-14T05:54:25.202-08:00Buckets, Bags and Engines at the Boston Massacre<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdwOdqb9WijYM2DMOu7yksl5yBR8Wca5d-3UhxopueiNXLVBWJkIJAkf42KIMy8kAMnbUbv8GOenD9KC9xf-kUPct9qG1_izbzUrHqsFZMX1CxPO45qQChqYC3qkwtNoWCi1RGjZ_8q3c3/s1600/bbrigade.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdwOdqb9WijYM2DMOu7yksl5yBR8Wca5d-3UhxopueiNXLVBWJkIJAkf42KIMy8kAMnbUbv8GOenD9KC9xf-kUPct9qG1_izbzUrHqsFZMX1CxPO45qQChqYC3qkwtNoWCi1RGjZ_8q3c3/s320/bbrigade.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
I'll be portraying a citizen of Boston at this year's commemoration of the Boston Massacre who, responding to the ringing of church bells at an unaccustomed hour, turned out thinking there was a fire. There are numerous contemporary accounts in eyewitness testimony that describe people in the crowd carrying fire buckets and other equipment, at least two fire engines hauled to the vicinity of the confrontation at the Customs House, and people asking directions to a fire. I've decided to adopt the persona of one of these eyewitnesses, Thomas Wilkinson, who reported:<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<i>"The Old South bell rung for nine as usual; about a quarter after I heard Mr. Cooper's bell ring, I went out and saw the Old South engine hauled out. I ran down as far as the town pump. There seemed to be a considerable body of people, and some with buckets...The Old Brick bell began to ring, and the people seemed to come along fast, with buckets and bags."</i><br />
<br />
Wilkinson describes a full array of fire-fighting responses from the citizens of Boston, although there was, in fact, no fire. Fellow Bostonian John Colburn recounted;<br />
<br />
"<i>being alarmed by the cry of fire and ringing of
bells, ran out of my house with my bags and buckets; upon going to Mr.
Payne's door, he told me it was not fire, it was a riot. I sent my
buckets home again</i>..."<br />
<br />
Newtown Prince, another witness to the events that night, recalled<i> "When the bells rung I was at my own house. I run to the door and heard the cry of fire. I went out and asked where the fire was; somebody said it was something better than fire. I met some with clubs, some with buckets and bags, and some running before me with sticks in their hands."</i><br />
<br />
Dr. John Jeffries and William Whittington gave similar testimony:<br />
<br />
Dr. John Jeffries - <i>"I then passed up the alley myself into Cornhill; as soon as I got out of the alley I heard the Old Brick bell ring. There were many in the street running, some with buckets, inquiring where the fire was..."</i><br />
<br />
William Whittington - <i>"In a little time I heard the bells ring, and made a stop and asked what was the matter? They said fire. I saw several people with buckets, &c., and I asked them where they were going? They said there is fire somewhere."</i><br />
<br />
Just what were these buckets, bags and engines described by these and other witnesses to the Boston Massacre? <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitHPSzkL1XmiIXpjYQhNH6zZH4M9onIeMlIsR-O5o85cVh8sehyKkWp4Buhz_1xse6lFBq9lSB6pZsVuz9rWTpbDTfmSaZlee-_5-p57oKqs843Q7LVJ-qIPQFxlKfFScALZmfs3BpTX59/s1600/ad+fire+engine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitHPSzkL1XmiIXpjYQhNH6zZH4M9onIeMlIsR-O5o85cVh8sehyKkWp4Buhz_1xse6lFBq9lSB6pZsVuz9rWTpbDTfmSaZlee-_5-p57oKqs843Q7LVJ-qIPQFxlKfFScALZmfs3BpTX59/s400/ad+fire+engine.jpg" width="212" /></a></div>
Boston had a long history of fire-fighting, developing an elaborate system of public and private resources to respond to blazes and protect life and property. The first fire engine, a wheeled wooden reservoir equipped with hand pumps and a nozzle, was imported for use in the Town in 1678, a year which also saw the establishment of the first paid fire department. By 1770 there were ten fire engines in Boston, including two that were the very first built in America, constructed by local blacksmith and engine captain David Wheeler. The Selectmen's Minutes from March 10th, 1766 record:<br />
<br />
" <i>Mess<sup>rs</sup>. John Green and David Wheeler having at their own cost and charge, built and Compleated a Fire Engine, which upon tryal does honor to the Country as well as to the Constructers; the use thereof on all Ocassions by means of Fire that may happen they may offer the Town, provided they will keep the same in good repair, and allow the Men belonging thereto, the Exceptions and Priviledges indulged the other Engine-Men - it is therefore Voted that the Town do accept the said generous proposal."</i><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />The following week David Wheeler was appointed Captain of the new engine, designated No. 10 and called the Green Engine. Later that year in November, Wheeler proposed building an Engine House at Pond Lane near the intersection with Newbury Street. Although David Wheeler was later replaced as Engine Captain, other Wheelers maintained control of the Engine. On the night of the Massacre, one participant testified that Wheeler's engine responded to the bells.</span><br />
<br />
Thomas Greenwood - <i>"...spending the evening at Mrs. Wheeler's, I was alarmed by the bells ringing and the people's crying fire, upon which I turned out with Mrs. Wheeler's three sons and helped Mr. Wheeler's engine as far as the Old South meeting house."</i><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />It should be noted that his contemporaries considered Greenwood an unreliable witness - he was a servant to the Customs collectors and gave wildly conflicting testimony about his involvement in the "Massacre"- but this detail may, in itself, be more credible. From No.10's Engine House to the South Meeting House was about three long blocks, a bit more than half the distance to the head of King Street at the Town House. <br /><br />We already know from Thomas Wilkinson's report that the Old South Engine (No. 7) was out at this time, and probably was one of the two later reported together at King Street by eyewitness Benjamin Frizwell:</span><br />
<br />
<i>"The deponent proceeded about his business, as far as Wheeler's Point, and while there, the bell rang as usual for fire, and he with others ran to the Town-house; two engines being there drawn, the men attending, left them on the west end of the Town-house." </i><br />
<div>
</div>
<br />
According to another participant, Benjamin Davis; <i>"I...went into King street, and saw some with buckets; the engine was in King street, but nobody with it." </i>He may be referring either to the South Engine or to the one kept at the Town House - No. 5, called The Marlborough Engine - that would have been closest to the commotion. Shubael Hewes, who was south of the Custom Hosue when the bells began ringing, reported; <i> <br /><br />"I spent the evening with an acquaintance near the Town dock; sitting in the room, the Master of the house came into the room, and said fire was cried, and the bells a ringing; as I belonged to the engine, I was first out of the door, with my surtout and stick...I thought I should meet our engine coming down the lane or Cornhill..." </i><br />
<br />
Mr. Hewes belonged to Engine No. 5, and would succeed its long-serving Engine Captain Thomas Read in 1772. <br />
<br />
From this we can conclude that at least two fire engines reached the head of King Street by the North end of the Town House (No. 5 and No. 7.) when the bells rang, and perhaps one more responded at least part way (Engine No. 10). <br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The paid fire companies were not the only ones who turned out that night, however. There were also<br />volunteer Fire Societies, associations of 25 to 30 neighbors and merchants who pledged to come to each others' assistance in case of fire. Some of the regulations and orders of these ancient associations have been preserved. One of the more colorfully named was the Anti-Stamp Fire Company, established in 1763 but evidently renamed when it published its bylaws in 1765 (republished in 1776). In addition to specifying fines for member non-attendance or non-compliance, the rules of the Society made specific mention of fire equipment that each member was to maintain and bring with him in case of fire:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6aq0oXpiUK6ZfBin_WygwToOpgbGcnZlkMqNqQrpysdNDWsPa-a2nTg1Bfn3HS3dgWWPF6QOvhfjHmhlvRKBnzhjsboYJi0CWB2YzIXhRGwRH6W1YB1rV76t7SFqh1lohKC2wgaaOPJTM/s1600/ASFS+1765+rules.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6aq0oXpiUK6ZfBin_WygwToOpgbGcnZlkMqNqQrpysdNDWsPa-a2nTg1Bfn3HS3dgWWPF6QOvhfjHmhlvRKBnzhjsboYJi0CWB2YzIXhRGwRH6W1YB1rV76t7SFqh1lohKC2wgaaOPJTM/s320/ASFS+1765+rules.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig64bMDSHeBfsezcW23ASclTZvxMJeYKKF02xWQ8EVBmPg4ohz-Gvx-j3z_QcNuGxiYSX4USzaC5GQ0GuNdghfRsJ0sDRAH2Z9OYb4NnMKYU_lXUP-uBonXzDQ0awH93X2n7nFQITBeLIa/s1600/Rowe+bucket.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig64bMDSHeBfsezcW23ASclTZvxMJeYKKF02xWQ8EVBmPg4ohz-Gvx-j3z_QcNuGxiYSX4USzaC5GQ0GuNdghfRsJ0sDRAH2Z9OYb4NnMKYU_lXUP-uBonXzDQ0awH93X2n7nFQITBeLIa/s200/Rowe+bucket.jpg" width="116" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Jonathon Rowe's Fire Bucket</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Fire buckets were made of leather and waterproofed with pitch. They sometime bore elaborate "folk art" designs in addition to the identifying names and numbers associated with their owners. Fire Societies sometimes painted their motto on their buckets, though I have been unable find documentation for any that may have been associated with the Anti-Stamp F.S. It is tempting to imagine the thundering words of James Otis rendered as a Latin motto, and I could not resist doing so, but it is purely conjectural:<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "wyld" , serif; line-height: 107%;"> Tributum Çine
RepræÇentatione Tryannus e</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "wyld" , serif; line-height: 17.12px;">Ç</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "wyld" , serif; line-height: 107%;">t.</span></i></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjag4Yku1H78T5Wj6ohpJ-zHhn7clIN0l8qiEwrBWb_S9t4scLctjoXM85lWMsBx1TflFvt0ZGurbDatIVc0K7hH9ljKnNecDz7oAAEauBqW4gtSz1LllztVdr-17HuD-giulysuz59u0vE/s1600/Fire+Bag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjag4Yku1H78T5Wj6ohpJ-zHhn7clIN0l8qiEwrBWb_S9t4scLctjoXM85lWMsBx1TflFvt0ZGurbDatIVc0K7hH9ljKnNecDz7oAAEauBqW4gtSz1LllztVdr-17HuD-giulysuz59u0vE/s200/Fire+Bag.jpg" width="149" /></a></div>
<br />
The other fire-fighting equipment referenced in the rules of the society <span style="text-align: center;">was standard salvage gear. Once a blaze took hold, the threat to personal household property was of more immediate urgency than saving the structure, which in turn was a threat to the Town. While some members formed bucket brigades, others used their fire bags to rescue items from the burning buildings. These bags were made of linen duck or other strong canvas, and often had a draw string to secure their contents. A surviving Portsmouth, New Hampshire fire bag used during this period by a member of a local Fire Society appears at right.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD612YFwm8C1Lfwh34ClgEs8LFcArWkLcX9-f1gZkG0qibOv-xUr2mQkokpgi8VHLNKk3uHiYR1ZwOYpzl0uG1b5s3oG2DKXwu6jJRk0TYvWdE0LficLvDvNBpgnDt8_hAqP4ZmDJTn9dP/s1600/antique-bed-key-forged.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD612YFwm8C1Lfwh34ClgEs8LFcArWkLcX9-f1gZkG0qibOv-xUr2mQkokpgi8VHLNKk3uHiYR1ZwOYpzl0uG1b5s3oG2DKXwu6jJRk0TYvWdE0LficLvDvNBpgnDt8_hAqP4ZmDJTn9dP/s200/antique-bed-key-forged.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
The reference to a "Bed-Winch" actually indicates a bed-wrench, a specialized forged iron tool used to disassemble the heavy wooden beds that were often the most valuable possession in the household. These wrenches included ends that could draw recessed bolts that joined the posts and the frames of the bedstead. Though their form and complexity evolved over time, bed-wrenches or bed keys remained an essential part of the fire-fighter's tool kit well into the 19th century.<br />
<br />
The fact that many people turned out for a fire when the alarm bells rang was an important point of testimony during the aftermath of the Boston Massacre. It was necessary to establish what people held in their hands, whether buckets and bags or more dangerous items such as clubs, because it could very well affect the verdict if the soldiers acted in self defense. Thomas Wilkinson thought there was a fire, and he described buckets, bags and engines in his account. Although one cannot be certain that he brought any fire-fighting supplies to the scene himself, I am prepared to play him that way, with bucket in hand, when the showdown at the Customs House plays out once again this year for the Boston Massacre commemoration. It remains to be seen whether I shall take liberties with the motto or stick to the plain requirements of name and number.<br />
<br />
_________________________________________________________________________________<br />
Sources:<br />
<br />
Arthur W. Brayley; <u>A Complete History of the Boston Fire Department: Including the Fire-Alarm Service and the Protective Department; from 1630 to 1888; Boston, Massachusetts:</u> John P. Dale & Co., 1889<br />
<br />
Frederick Kidder, <u>History of the Boston Massacre,, March 5, 1770, Consisting of the Narrative of the Town, the Trial of the Soldiers, and a Historical Introduction</u>; Albany, New York: Joel Munsell, 1870<br />
<br />
"Rules and Orders to be Observed by the Anti-Stamp Fire Society", 1763<br />
<br />
"Rules and Orders to be Observed by the Anti-Stamp Fire Society, Instituted at Boston, October 1763, Revised and Corrected November 1776"<br />
<br />
<u>Selectmen's Minutes (vol 7) 1769-1775;</u> Boston, Massachusetts; Rockwell & Churchill, 1893<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
<i><br /></i></div>
Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-31074256068772731022016-09-24T11:13:00.002-07:002016-09-28T11:57:20.786-07:00 The Fate of the "Withywood"; Reconciling Participant Accounts with Conflicting Data<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg18V0ZnejiLCNTGEC0lAyKw9GJDJHlX6bFj6bySccEna1s4jJXiSKbPNfLe8yUIzZH4CfTCRn-CcPKn5bXT-A7wl2v4j5oUMfZLGn7FNERnM3-SNyCAvKIJLEOBTEbNMpiDbNb40_dS1s0/s1600/AN01021055_001_l.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="513" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg18V0ZnejiLCNTGEC0lAyKw9GJDJHlX6bFj6bySccEna1s4jJXiSKbPNfLe8yUIzZH4CfTCRn-CcPKn5bXT-A7wl2v4j5oUMfZLGn7FNERnM3-SNyCAvKIJLEOBTEbNMpiDbNb40_dS1s0/s640/AN01021055_001_l.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">British Merchant Ships of the Jamaica Fleet in the Central Atlantic Hurricane, Sept. 17, 1782</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I am writing an article for the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of the American Revolution</i> on
the disaster that struck a large British convoy in the middle of the Atlantic
in the last months of the War of American Independence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In fact, I'm fairly certain I have enough
research material now and a compelling narrative for the first full length book on
the story of Admiral Graves' ill-fated Jamaica Fleet. The article comes first,
and there is plenty that won't make it into the 4,500 words or so that I hope
will be in the finished piece. From time to time, I will share a vignette or
two from my broader research here, and explore the challenges of reconstructing 18th
century events at sea from contemporary eyewitness statements that are
sometimes at variance with subsequent facts.<br />
<br />
Participant accounts of battles on land are similar in some ways to those of
survival at sea. Laurence Babits and Joshua Howard<sup>1</sup> adopt a
methodology for their groundbreaking re-evaluation of the Battle of Guildford
Court House that treats veterans' pension declarations and contemporary battle
reporting as artifacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">authors weigh
the relative credibility of individual testimony and look for internal
consistency and evidence of event sequencing.</span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Richard
Fox, Jr. pioneered a similar approach that uses native American oral history in
combination with battlefield archeology and combat modeling to offer a
dramatically different interpretation of the Battle of Little Big Horn</span><sup style="font-size: 12pt;">2</sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.
</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Traditional archeology is little help in evaluating the fate of wooden ships
that seemingly vanished without a trace, but treating contemporary newspaper
accounts, Admiralty reports and reprinted survivor letters as artifacts helps
to avoid some of the pitfalls that come with over-reliance on eyewitness
testimony that every prosecutor knows but not every historian fully
appreciates.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
Consider the fate of just one merchant ship from the 90 or so sail that were
part of the Jamaica Fleet when it encountered a powerful hurricane on September
16th and 17th East of the Banks of Newfoundland. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i>Withywood</i>, Captain Thomas Evers, was a veteran
of the Jamaica trade, a square rigged ship of 350 tons with three decks and
sheathed against shipworm</span><sup style="font-size: 12pt;">3</sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> . She took her name from a place in Jamaica known for its woody, creeping plants or "withes".</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
One of the very first reports of the storm to reach England was published in
the October 4, 1782 edition of the twice-weekly shipping insurance newspaper
"New-Lloyd's List":</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
"The Withywood, Evers, from Jamaica to London, foundered in the Gale, off
the Banks of Newfoundland. Crew taken up by the Thetis, arrived at
Bristol."</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
The same edition reported that <i>Thetis</i>, Captain Major, arrived at Bristol from
Jamaica on October 2nd.</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
A variation on this account was published in the </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">Glocester Journal</i><sup style="font-size: 12pt;">4</sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
on October 7th, 1782:</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
"The Thetis, Capt. Major, one of the Jamaica fleet, is arrived at Bristol.
She brings advice of the Withywood, for London, belonging to the same fleet,
having foundered."</span><br />
<br /><span style="font-size: 12pt;">
Other papers repeated the story, such that by October 10th <i>Withywood</i> was
authoritatively listed among the small but growing number of merchant ships
that were known to have foundered in the Gale</span><sup style="font-size: 12pt;">5</sup><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> One</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> early newspaper report of the dispersal of the Jamaica Fleet by the hurricane listed <i>Withywood</i> as dismasted instead of having foundered</span></span></span><sup style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">6</sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">There is also the apparent smoking gun - reprinted in the "Pennsylvania Packet" </span>(Vol. XLI, No. 977) on<span style="font-family: inherit;"> December 17, 1782 - which contains an excerpt from a letter written by the Captain of the <i>Withywood</i> describing how the ship foundered and he and the crew were rescued by <i>Thetis</i>:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg47JcSRQazJk6QYqFrC3AGYoYTUpfJsn98WHAT_jqQxysbRXYGJfoRHZ810DYDvJSyS39RPAcf1D4pBXLo7JasHRvn_2TAyFpb6OfnUMye6w6Sv_cFMZ1rnXtEfRht7sUXn5bQwG_6sryw/s1600/Pennsylvania+Packet+Dec+17+1782.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg47JcSRQazJk6QYqFrC3AGYoYTUpfJsn98WHAT_jqQxysbRXYGJfoRHZ810DYDvJSyS39RPAcf1D4pBXLo7JasHRvn_2TAyFpb6OfnUMye6w6Sv_cFMZ1rnXtEfRht7sUXn5bQwG_6sryw/s640/Pennsylvania+Packet+Dec+17+1782.jpg" width="561" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Captain Edwards could easily be a misspelling of Captain Evers and the case seems conclusively in favor of the assertion that <i>Withywood</i> went down. <br /><br />The problem is that b</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">arely three months after she was reported lost at sea
by “New-Lloyd's List”, a ship named<i> Withywood</i>, under Captain Evers, appears in the
January 24, 1783 edition of the same paper. It records that she departed from Graves End
for Jamaica three days before, in company with a second ship that is known to
have survived from the homeward-bound fleet.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The next edition of “New-Lloyd’s List” shows <i>Withywood</i> at the Downs with
a large number of merchant ships preparing to proceed once more in convoy to
Jamaica, and subsequent reports reveal she was among those that reached their
destination safely</span></span><sup style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">7</sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
A review of </span><i style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lloyd’s Registry of Shipping</i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> between 1780 and 1786 makes it clear that there is only one ship named <i>Withywood</i> in each year </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">and her Captain in every case is Thomas Evers. Her specifications are nearly identical in almost every respect. Her tonnage is the same, but there are important differences from year to year that reveal we are dealing with two ships named <i>Withywood</i>, not one.<br /><br /><i>Lloyd's Registry </i>in 1783 has an odd correction for the name of<i> Withywood</i>'s Captain, with the name J. Young struck through and that of T. Evers added below. <i>Withywood </i>was a late addition to the Registry, with her name appearing after those that were recorded in alphabetical order. There are slight but important differences in her record. Prior years indicated that <i>Withywood</i> was a constant trader, but no such designation is made in 1783. Most significantly they have different dates and places of building. The 1784 edition of the <i>Registry</i> provides yet another vital clue. The former name of <i>Withywood</i> is listed in that year beneath her entry: <i>Loyal Briton</i>. And indeed,<i> Loyal Briton</i> is described in Lloyd's Registry for 1780. <br /><br />The inescapable conclusion is that <i>Withywood</i>, Captain Evers, did indeed founder in the gale, and that <i>Loyal Briton</i> was renamed <i>Withywood</i> and Captain Evers made master of her to continue in the Jamaica trade.<br /><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Thomas Evers died in 1799, “The
London Gazette<sup>8</sup>” printed the following notice:<br />
<br />
“Captain Thomas Evers of the Ship Withywood, Debtors and Creditors.<br />
All Persons having any just Claim or Demand on the Estate or Effects of Thomas
Evers, late of London, Master Mariner, and Commander of the Ship Withywood,
trading to Jamaica, deceased, are peremptorily desired to send the Particulars
thereof to Mr. Thomas Trundle, Crosby-Square, London…”<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> <sup>1. Babits, Lawrence E.
and Joshua B. Howard (2009); <i>Long, Obstinate, and Bloody; The Battle of
Guilford Courthouse</i>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
See also Babits, Lawrence E. (1998); <i>A Devil of a Whipping; The Battle of
Cowpens</i>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, in which the
author first combined the techniques of battlefield archeology with traditional
historical inquiry by treating participant accounts as artifacts.</sup><br />
<sup>2. Fox, Richard A. Jr. (1993); <i>Archeology, History, and Custer's Last
Battle</i>, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.<br />
3.<i> Lloyd's Register of Shipping</i> (1782)</sup></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">4. "The Glocester Journal"
October 7, 1782, Vol LX1, No. 3156, Printer/Publisher R. Raikes</span></sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">5. "The Hereford Journal"
October 17, 1782, Vol XIII, No. 637</span></sup></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">6. </span></sup></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">“The Oxford Journal” October 5, 1782</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;">7. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></sup></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">“New-Lloyd’s List” January 24, 1783 No. 1434; , January 28, 1783 No. 1434; and June 13, 1783 No. 1472</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">8.
“The London Gazette” December 21,
1799 Issue 15215, Page 1320</span></sup></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-31169239582915664052016-08-11T19:28:00.003-07:002016-08-30T12:30:58.637-07:00"An Arbitrary Action, Contrary to Law, Inconsistent with Liberty": A Hot Press in Newport, 1765 (Part IV)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipHtcayoyK4hmzS0GoHgCkOY1hcEFVdrjoOh06V-Q_Hs71uY-YqSbnK495HGrVMc1iULGIcqVYioDjYPrvZtxX8opnqLQQasbTK6yIyLRmla06j-CwVVUv7RdF5BA-w-JquQf47NDcG-A4/s1600/The+Press+Gang+or+English+Liberty+Displayd+October+1770.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipHtcayoyK4hmzS0GoHgCkOY1hcEFVdrjoOh06V-Q_Hs71uY-YqSbnK495HGrVMc1iULGIcqVYioDjYPrvZtxX8opnqLQQasbTK6yIyLRmla06j-CwVVUv7RdF5BA-w-JquQf47NDcG-A4/s400/The+Press+Gang+or+English+Liberty+Displayd+October+1770.jpg" width="242" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1770 British Press Gang print <br />
(clothing more typical of 1760s)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Relations between Newport, Rhode Island and representatives of the Royal Navy deteriorated throughout the month of May, 1765 to such a degree that the Town was practically under blockade by His Majesty's ship <i>Maidstone</i> and her ship's boats. The navy's customs enforcement mission in Narragansett Bay had been obstructed at every turn by local authorities and through extralegal crowd action in support of customs evasion. Perhaps in retaliation, <i>Maidstone</i> now began stopping and searching vessels large and small entering Newport, often pressing seamen in the process. <br />
<br />
The impact of these tactics on trade and commerce, as well as the lives or ordinary Newporters, was deeply felt. A letter published in the Newport Mercury on June 10th, 1765 (written by a writer identified only by the initials O.G.) paints a picture of a community besieged:<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"[the]<i>Severity exercised by the Officers and People of the Maidstone, which,
together with the Behaviour of this Set of Myrmedons, for four of five
weeks past, who have visited every Vessel entering the Harbour, our wood
Boats, and the very smallest Coasters not excepted, to impress Men, and
have generally taken all that did not belong to the town of Newport, as
Capt. Antrobus had given his Word to the Sherriff, that he would take
none of those; yet the Consequence of these arbitrary and Illegal
Measures, especially in Time of profound Peace, proves as fatal to the
Inhabitants of the Town: we already feel the Effects; Seaman’s Wages
advanced nearly one Dollar and a half per Month; our Wood Wharves
almost clear of Wood; The Coasters from the neighbouring Governments
shunning our Port, to escape the hottest Press ever known in this Town;
and if a speedy Stop does not take Place, the Lamentable Condition of
the poorer Part of the Inhabitants, the approaching Winter; will be
truly Affecting, as in May, June, July and August, the Town is mostly
supplied with Wood</i></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><i>...– Our Fish market, a considerable Support of the Town, is greatly
distressed, as few of the Fishermen dare venture out, it being reported
none shall escape the Impress.</i>”<br /></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe8R_5N0fY9k9xfe06vpky3EubJy8-sGQchryBF7mjr1ZSshbkROSPjdFiuH2NsdwzmB3z0N-0lWkkhW9tf09y0cdm3yyGvyv5FCTnfiGjdKoikeGdQYpiWkfRpp5X-KjXFg-Bb0Ex-DTt/s1600/Abandoning+ramilles+detail+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe8R_5N0fY9k9xfe06vpky3EubJy8-sGQchryBF7mjr1ZSshbkROSPjdFiuH2NsdwzmB3z0N-0lWkkhW9tf09y0cdm3yyGvyv5FCTnfiGjdKoikeGdQYpiWkfRpp5X-KjXFg-Bb0Ex-DTt/s400/Abandoning+ramilles+detail+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">detail from "Abandoning Ramillies" by R. Dodd (1783)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In short order, coastal trade came close to a standstill, the only shipping entering port being those engaged in the transatlantic and West Indies trade that had not yet heard of the increased risk on impressment, setting the stage for the inevitable escalation of this standoff to open resistance to the navy and crowd violence.<br />
<br />
On June 4th, 1765 - The King's birthday, a Newport vessel arrived in harbor at the end of a year-long slaving voyage and was promptly intercepted by <i>Maidstone</i> almost as soon as she made port. This was the brigantine "<i>Ospray</i>", owned by merchant Naphtali Hart who was a prominent member of Newport's Jewish community. Kyle Dalton, who writes the <u>British Tars </u>blog and will be portraying the <i>Ospray</i>'s Master Richard Champlin during our upcoming recreation of this episode on August 27th in Newport,<a href="http://britishtars.blogspot.com/2016/08/the-ospray-case-study-in-triangle-trade.html" target="_blank"> has written an excellent piece</a> about what we know about the brigantine and her voyage to Africa and return via Jamaica. What happened after she returned to Newport sparked a riot.<br />
<br />
The letter writer in the <i>Newport Mercury</i> declared;<br />
<br />
"<i>The Cause of this Mischief was, the Officers of the Maidstone, a few Hours before, impressing all the
men out of a Brigantine from Africa, last from Jamaica, after some small
Resistance made by the Crew, and not a little Severity exercised by the
Officers and People of the Maidstone..</i>."<br />
<br />
<i>Maidstone</i>'s Captain Charles Antrobus, who was away at the time, naturally gave a different interpretation in his account to the Admiralty in London, summarized by the Admiralty clerks as follows:<br />
<br />
"<i>The report was that the cause of the outrage was the impressment of some men belonging to the colony; but Capt. Antrobus thinks it was entirely owing to the </i>[customs] <i>seizure made by him. Out of the impressment a dispute arose between the Governor and Capt. Antrobus, the former claiming jurisdiction over the King’s ships in harbor, and the latter repudiating his claim</i>."<br />
<br />
Whatever the spark, all seven of the crew of the <i>Ospray</i>, Master Champlin excepted, were overcome by the press gang and taken into naval service on <i>Maidstone</i>. The irony of slavers being themselves enslaved probably occurred to few of their contemporaries. Some of these men were certainly from the community, though, and feelings ran high. By early evening a very large crowd had gathered at the waterfront, where one of the ship's boats had brought 2nd Lieutenant William Jenkins ashore, and took matters into their own hands.<br />
<br />
There was a tradition of violent resistance to Royal Navy impressment throughout the Atlantic world. A common element was to destroy the means used by the press gangs to bring their captives back to their ships, and such was now the case in Newport. Lieutenant Jenkins was overwhelmed and his boat seized by an angry mob that Governor Ward would later downplay as "<i>consisting altogether of the dregs of the people and a number of boys and negroes</i>.” It was a stock response in such cases for the authorities to claim that "<i>no person of the least note was concerned in the riot</i>", but there were usually instigators of considerably higher status who actively supported the rioting. <br />
<br />
The <u>Newport Mercury</u>'s letter writer described the event this way:<br />
<br />
"<i>TUESDAY Evening last, about Nine O’Clock, his Majesty’s Ship the Maidstone’s boat was taken from one of the wharfs, by a mob consisting chiefly of Sailors, Boys and Negroes, to the Number above about Five hundred, haul’d up through Queen-Street to the Common, at the upper End of the Town, where they burnt her, in the Circle of the exasperated Tumult, which I believe every sensible Man in Town now regrets, and am persuaded was out of the Power of the Authority to Prevent her Fate, as it was but a few Minutes from the Time of their taking her to her being in Flames</i>."<br />
<br />
The correspondent "O. G." continued: <br />
<br />
"<i>...The Measures taken by the Rabble is by no Means to be countenanced, much less approved of; yet it is to be hoped, the Authority, or the principal Part of the Gentlemen in Town, will interpose in its Relief, before our Distresses are more sensibly felt, or it’s past Remedy for this Season, either by persuasive Arguments with Capt. Antrobus, to desist pursuing or allowing the unpopular Methods of manning His Majesty’s Ship, by impressing in the very Bowels of the Town; or, if this should fail, and Excursion of every Power which ought, and must, necessarily take Place, for Self-preservation , for Safety of Life and Property</i>.”<br />
<br />
Governor Ward was out of town that evening, but on his return he dispatched the High Sheriff to <i>Maidstone</i> where he found 1st Lieutenant Cuthbert Baines in command during Captain Antrobus's absence. The Governor subsequently wrote to Antrobus on June 11th that he has insisted on <br />
<br />
"<i>the dismission of several inhabitants of this Colony, lately impressed and detained on board said ship, contrary to law. In return to which, he acquainted me that it was not in his power to comply with my order; but that he hourly expected your return, and was very confident you would give me sufficient satisfaction upon that head</i>.” <br />
<br />
In the same letter, Governor Ward noted that the Sheriff had brought back Lt. Baine's written "<i>account of the illegal proceedings of some persons of this town in taking and burning a boat belonging to His Majesty’s ship Maidstone, and abusing Mr. Jenkins, the second lieutenant</i>."<br />
<br />
Thus began a correspondence between the Governor and the Captain that lead to neither one's satisfaction. Ward, whose letters are far more readily available to researchers than those written by Antrobus, was most emphatic that the navy was in the wrong:<br />
<br />
<i>"Sir, I must observe, that the impressing of Englishmen is, in my
opinion, an arbitrary action, contrary to law, inconsistent with
liberty, and to be justified only by very great urgent necessity.”</i><br />
<i>
“But as the ship under your command lay moored in the harbor of an
English Colony, always ready to afford you all assistance necessary for
his Majesty’s service, I could not conceive any possible reason
sufficient to justify the severe and rigorous impress carried on by your
people in this port.”</i><br />
<i> “You assert that while your ship is
afloat, the civil authority of this Colony does not extend to and cannot
operate within her.”</i><br />
<i> <br />“But I must be of opinion, Sir, that while
she lies in the body of a County, as she then did, and still does,
within the body of the County of Newport, all her officers and men are
within the jurisdiction of this Colony, and ought to conform themselves
to the laws thereof and while I have the honor to be in the
administration, I shall endeavor to assert and maintain the liberties
and privileges of His Majesty’s subjects and the honor, dignity and
jurisdiction of the Colony.</i>”<br />
<br />
While each man disputed whose behavior had been improper and whose actions were legal, problems in Newport continued. After several weeks of this standoff, Captain Antrobus released those
pressed men who belonged to Newport but retained those from other
colonies. While the "<i>Ospray</i>"'s men were still detained, the Masters of various vessels who attempted to bring impressed men on <i>Maidstone</i> their pay were, according to "O.G."<i>, treated with all
imaginable Contempt and Disrespect...Others that
went on board to carry Seamen their Chests and Bedding, had their Boat
turn’d adrift, and themselves put under Confinement; and detained all
Night</i>." The navy may have perceived this incident differently, believing that evidence of the higher wages paid in the merchant service might entice other sailors to desert. <br />
<br />
Neither was Newport through with mob action as the crisis continued. One again, 2nd Lieutenant William Jenkins was in the thick of things, and again bore the brunt of the community's anger. A local merchant, Christopher Champlin (undoubtedly related in some way to the Master of the Ospray), held the contract to supply His Majesty's warships while in Harbor. According to a later Admiralty report, an attempt by Champlin to bring supplies to Maidstone was opposed onshore by "<i>a merchant who, at the head of 40 or 50 men, endeavoured to prevent the merchant who contracted for the victualling of the King’s ships from sending some provisions on board</i>." <br />
<br />
Captain Antrobus would protest to Governor Ward that Mr. Jenkins was at risk of his life had not two other passing gentlemen intervened, but the Governor brushed him off, saying in yet another letter written in March, 1766 that both Lieutenant Jenkins and Mr. Champlin had full recourse to the local courts but had failed to act upon it.<br />
<br />
"<i>Of the other tumultuous proceedings mentioned in the close of your letter, I can recollect nothing at present, except your representation of Mr. Champlin’s being surrounded by a mob, &c., upon which I must observe that if that gentleman had been insulted and forcibly prevented from supplying the King’s ships with provisions, and had made application to me on the occasion, I should have immediately have given him all necessary aid, protection and assistance; but as he never made any complaint to me; I conclude that he has received no injury, and that the behavior of the persons concerned in the matter proceeded wholly from the resentment which they conceived, on the inhabitants of the town being impressed and detained on board the Maidstone, and not from any real design of distressing any of his Majesty’s servants, and the uninterrupted manner in which the ship hath since been supplied, confirms me in the sentiments I then entertained of this matter.</i> "<br />
<br />
The customs enforcement and impressment struggle in which <i>Maidstone</i> played so significant a part in Newport primed the pump for even more disturbance and crowd action that year Within a month, rioting would break out in Newport once more, this time over the impending implementation of the Stamp Act. <i>Maidstone</i>, however, soon left the scene, sailing to Halifax for repairs on or about August 19th, 1765.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="textexposedshow">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOoT8-VNJs6B1e1yAuWUXgAZlJdX_fNYdhR4DdEXTL4WfktEp_4fpcy43ecfl3J8bgVF6zoExifrtjDwkiAZlOvypeGvcA0CzZNkjPQW_rjFiGgW60xbVo-Qc6Fr3o5mHSWE2820q-E-fC/s1600/detail+of+south+shoal.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOoT8-VNJs6B1e1yAuWUXgAZlJdX_fNYdhR4DdEXTL4WfktEp_4fpcy43ecfl3J8bgVF6zoExifrtjDwkiAZlOvypeGvcA0CzZNkjPQW_rjFiGgW60xbVo-Qc6Fr3o5mHSWE2820q-E-fC/s400/detail+of+south+shoal.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">detail of a chart of the coast of New England showing the south shoal of George's Bank</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Postscript: Captain Antrobus would later command His Majesty's ship <i>Jason</i> but died of disease in March, 1769 at Antigua. Master Timothy Doggett of the Sloop <i>Polly</i>
died that same year at his home in Dighton, Massachusetts. John
Robinson played a prominent target of the stamp tax riot in Newport,
and went on to notoriety in Boston. Lieutenant Baines remained in service, but only briefly commanded his own vessel before retiring to the half pay list in 1774. In 1809, still in retirement, he was senior enough to finally be made Post Captain, dying the following year.<br />
<br />
On the south shoal of George's Bank in 1765, <i>Maidstone</i>'s tender, a small American schooner, foundered with the loss of all 12 hands. This was at least the third ship's boat that<i> Maidstone</i> lost since
Antrobus took command - the first sunk or smashed during the crossing
from England in 1763, the second consumed in flames in Newport in 1765. I will have to wait until I can read the log books and ship's muster from the Admiralty archives to be certain, but it is quite possible that this loss of the tender happened during <i>Maidstone</i>'s passage to Halifax that August. It would have been either a midshipman's or a junior lieutenant's command. 2nd Lieutenant William Jenkins disappears from the available records after the incidents in Newport. Perhaps it was he who commanded the little schooner that was lost on the Banks. <br />
<br />Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-72871917728244913722016-08-11T10:37:00.001-07:002016-08-26T08:14:54.396-07:00"An Arbitrary Action, Contrary to Law, Inconsistent with Liberty": Customs Enforcement and Resistance, 1765 (Part III)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7kt3ty61Bxo8WS1qqrgzk-zNa7LM5_j1lz-DzXAT53dfOPi60poS-pRK7fYBuAD-rhUbCK0pQ7XuSGSknhRsTJYJLNJkEGqHqPbGJZOY0grsaCJe9_rzwd183nN1zdydbA9Ley7_4ep3F/s1600/Detail+1779+Narragansett+Bay.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7kt3ty61Bxo8WS1qqrgzk-zNa7LM5_j1lz-DzXAT53dfOPi60poS-pRK7fYBuAD-rhUbCK0pQ7XuSGSknhRsTJYJLNJkEGqHqPbGJZOY0grsaCJe9_rzwd183nN1zdydbA9Ley7_4ep3F/s640/Detail+1779+Narragansett+Bay.png" width="417" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Detail from "New England from Chatham Harbour to Narragansett Bay showing Buzzards Bay"<br />(1779) Chart by </span></span>J.F.W. Des Barres & Lt. John Knight</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
His Majesty's Ship <i>Maidstone</i> overwintered in Newport's normally ice-free harbor during the unusually cold winter of 1764-1765, replacing the 20-gun sixth rate <i>Squirrel</i> (1755). <i>Maidstone</i>'s Captain Charles Antrobus could expect little thawing in naval relations with local authorities, merchants and seafaring interests in the Town, and was forwarded that his customs enforcement mission would be resisted. Actual armed conflict had already broken out over the navy's presence the previous summer, when a waterfront mob attacked and drove off a landing party from the six-gun Schooner Saint John (purchased just a month before in Boston). <br />
<br />
The navy was in pursuit of a deserter who may well have been a pressed man, but the citizens were also upset about a recent customs seizure and the alleged theft of some chickens by three men from the schooner. Pelting the sailors with stones, the large crowd injured a number of the men in <i>Saint John</i>'s boat and<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz6AiqUGM-vOVluYOyLxnY6QANzoex7gRJCSrYR7eBdBhaMiHt78GsOZ-44alaMujHTB7UZpnKCrA7FUyCMtDTUArLa13sWq3EsR3s0M4GXhF-UlYkx7xisoRU03QhAvrXbVmFWWBof-Bu/s1600/Mob+1749+Detail.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz6AiqUGM-vOVluYOyLxnY6QANzoex7gRJCSrYR7eBdBhaMiHt78GsOZ-44alaMujHTB7UZpnKCrA7FUyCMtDTUArLa13sWq3EsR3s0M4GXhF-UlYkx7xisoRU03QhAvrXbVmFWWBof-Bu/s320/Mob+1749+Detail.png" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
took a midshipman hostage. Then some of the mob took up muskets and pursued the retreating longboat back toward the <i>Saint John</i> in a sloop. Before the end of the affair, the colonial gunners at the Fort George on Goat Island even fired cannon (one shot allegedly piercing her Mainsail) at <i>Saint John</i> before <i>Squirrel</i> moved up to assist the navy schooner.<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
When Captain Antrobus arrived at Newport December, 1764, Governor Samuel Ward sought assurances that he would refrain from pressing Newporters and keep <i>Maidstone</i>'s impressment activities offshore, preferably beyond the jurisdiction of the Colony. Whatever concessions might have been agreed to initially soon evaporated in the face of both active and passive interference with customs enforcement by local authorities as well as through crowd action. <br />
<br />
Customs seizures made by the navy, similar to prizes taken in time of war, went through a legal condemnation process at a vice-admiralty court on shore. Confiscated cargos and vessels deemed in violation of customs and excise laws sold by the authorities and shares in the proceeds apportioned accord to the jurisdictions involved, which in North America might include the colonial governor and Admiral Corville in Halifax along with the Exchequer and the Crown. <br />
<br />
It was rarely a straightforward process, with owners and seamen often counter-suing customs and naval officers for damages and with claims of unlawful seizure. Although the Collectors and Controllers of customs were appointed by the British government and backed by the navy, in charter colonies like Rhode Island the governor, High Sheriff and vice-admiralty judge were all local men elected to their positions and were often uncooperative in customs cases. Captain Antrobus soon had reason to consider the local authorities throughout Narragansett Bay to be completely unsupportive of <i>Maidstone</i> 's customs enforcement activities. Two incidents in later winter and early Spring, 1765 made that point very clear.<br />
<br />
<br />
John Robinson, appointed Collector of Customs at Newport in 1764, was a man of a different stripe than his predecessors who had been willing to accept enormous bribes in exchange for lax enforcement of import duties and trade restrictions. Along with Customs Comptroller John Nicholl, he coordinated with the navy to aggressively interdict smugglers in Narragansett Bay and bring cases to court. <br />
<br />
In late February, 1765, aided by <i>Maidstone</i>'s 2nd Lieutenant William Jenkins, these men intercepted two vessels suspected of smuggling molasses in contravention of the Sugar Act. They were the brigantine <i>Wainscott</i> and the sloop Nelly. One of <i>Wainscott</i>'s principal owners was Elisha Brown of Providence, a close ally of Governor Ward and soon to be elected Lieutenant Governor himself, while <i>Nelly</i> belonged to Thomas Greene, who was part of a prominent Quaker family in the Colony. According to the customs officials, "it was notorious that ["<i>Wainscott</i>" and "<i>Nelly</i>"] had run cargoes of molasses", but they encountered numerous obstacles trying to prove their case in the local Admiralty court.<br />
<br />
Admiralty Judge John Andrews set a court date for the case just days after the customs men brought their charges. Robinson and Nicholl were aghast, writing the Court on March 10, 1765: "You can't suppose it possible for us, in the space of three Days, to procure proper proofs to Support these Suits; And we must Desire of you to Urge the Necessity of an Adjournment of the Court for at least a Fortnight." In response to this, Judge Andrews gave them a single week. When the Court reconvened, the Marshall failed to issue summonses to witnesses and, the Customs men complained bitterly the Advocate "Absolutely Declined for Reasons known only to himself." The plaintiffs were left to represent themselves before the Court, but without supporting evidence the defendants were acquitted. This was not the end of the affair, with suits and counter suits continuing until 1767 when Judge Andrews brought a £10,000 defamation suit against Robinson, and the latter only escaped imprisonment through appointment to another customs position in Boston. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSvzxvDJ7s2LBYLtJ-CSNQXjXoUd9JgD45SDXAjkimWZbdQt9NILM51zfZyxJY_joISDa_Pk5Vg6cLu4UCDCKa8_AuDLk1cqNUF-5v1pWfxNbXMtVb0uNCoqP1GS-HzzEDtE9lHrf-M_4-/s1600/salt+marsh+sanctuary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSvzxvDJ7s2LBYLtJ-CSNQXjXoUd9JgD45SDXAjkimWZbdQt9NILM51zfZyxJY_joISDa_Pk5Vg6cLu4UCDCKa8_AuDLk1cqNUF-5v1pWfxNbXMtVb0uNCoqP1GS-HzzEDtE9lHrf-M_4-/s400/salt+marsh+sanctuary.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">L. F. Tantillo - "Salt Marsh Sanctuary"<br />
<a href="http://lftantillo.com/18th-century/salt-marsh-sanctuary.html">http://lftantillo.com/18th-century/salt-marsh-sanctuary.html</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The second case involved the sloop <i>Polly</i>, owned by Job Smith of Taunton, Massaschusetts. Polly arrived in Newport under the command of Master Timothy Doggett or Daggett on April 2nd with a cargo of molasses from Surinam in the West Indies Although her home port was up the Taunton River from Narragansett Bay in Massachusetts, Newport's customs house had jurisdiction. Master Doggett declared 63 casks of molasses and paid 3p/gallon in customs duty, then proceeded up the bay and into the Taunton River. As a hogshead at this time was 63 gallons, this was a conveniently round number. On April 4th, Robinson examined Doggett's customs declaration and, suspecting the report "was not just", brought the matter to the attention of Captain Antrobus.<br />
<br />
<br />
Instead of dispatching a junior officer with a ship's boat to overtake the <i>Polly</i>, Captain Antrobus seems to have taken on this task personally. Accompanied only by a skeleton crew from Maidstone, Collector Robinson with his servant, Daniel Guthridge, and the Searcher of Customs Nicholas Lechmere, Captain Antrobus overtook <i>Polly </i>far upriver on April 6th near Dighton, Massachusetts. On boarding her they found their suspicions had been correct and twice as many casks of molasses in the hold as declared on the manifest.<br />
<br />
<br />
Discovery meant that Robinson could libel the undeclared portion of the cargo and the sloop as customs seizures, but he was without the immediate means to secure his prize. No one in Dighton was willing to assist the handful of customs and navy men, so Robinson and Antrobus were compelled to return to Newport and dispatch a prize crew, leaving only Guthridge and Lechmere to keep watch over the at anchor offshore. By the time a naval detachment was sent back up river on April 8th by Captain Antrobus, the customs enforcement effort had been overtaken by events back in Dighton.<br />
<br />
<br />
It did not help that there was a conveniently located tavern not far from shore. On April 7th, Lechmere and Guthridge rowed themselves over to quench their thirst, but found their skiff gone when they sought to return to Polly, 100 yards out in the river. At nightfall, about 40 local men "with blackened faces" sailed over to <i>Polly</i> and offloaded her entire cargo of molasses. Stripping her anchors and fittings, these interventionists then ran <i>Polly</i> ashore at high tide and stranded her on the riverbank. Neither could Lechmere and Guthridge get any support from the local Massachusetts authorities to look into the matter or support their customs seizure. Ruefully, they headed back down to Narragansett Bay to report to Robinson and Antrobus.<br />
<br />
<br />
At this point, one can only imagine the Navy Captain's ire. One indication is the size of the force he took back to Dighton along with Robinson - thirty marines (more than <i>Maidstone</i>'s full compliment) and forty armed seamen. On route they met the initial prize crew, which had been prevented from reaching <i>Polly</i> by a mob of over 100 angry men. When they boarded the grounded sloop, they found holes bored through her hull and other damage.<br />
<br />
<br />
Undeterred, Robinson set out to recover the molasses on shore. Unable to secure a writ of assistance to aid in his search, he was instead confronted by a £ 3,000 damage suit filed by Master Daggett. Without any friends to post his bond, Robinson was jailed for several days while Antrobus worked to get the damaged <i>Polly</i> back to Newport. Just eight casks of Molasses were recovered, and Robinson and Antrobus decided they had had enough of local justice. Because the seizure took place in Massachusetts, they could bring the case to trial in Boston, but they preferred to take their prize to Halifax, instead, where there was an Admiralty Court that covered the entire eastern seaboard and was free from local influence. It would be very difficult for the defendants to call supporting witnesses for a case held at such great remove, but Polly ultimately was taken to Halifax later that summer and condemned as a lawful seizure.<br />
<br />
<br />
Robinson and Antrobus went to Boston to arrange for the change of venue. Governor Bernard expressed reservations about moving the Admiralty case to Halifax (he would lose his share in any condemnation proceeds) and Antrobus told him, in so many words, to mind his own business. This left <i>Maidstone</i> in the hands of its 1st Lieutenant, Cuthbert Baines. It was, perhaps not coincidentally, at this same time that impressment activity spiked in Newport, culminating in yet another confrontation between the navy and a large waterfront mob, on the King's Birthday, no less. We will discuss what Rhode Islanders remember as the "<i>Maidstone</i> Affair" in the next post in this blog series.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-68455736469954036352016-08-09T20:27:00.000-07:002016-08-13T08:55:52.471-07:00"An Arbitrary Action, Contrary to Law, Inconsistent with Liberty": H.M.S. Maidstone Heads for North America (Part II)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4Tr-qMcBrGGWwx3jTWEYzJ-9neqVCV_dS4NK_0p-P5BMWaBnJyAqN7xIFg4hvpEQUSLuB1KyzB5AS56dUT-DW0oXcBrqCrJ8hxb4tYkyNVs5qdrEyWyK00GYZhiYNyeRGRGRn96mXcTE/s1600/Maidstone+1758+sheer%252C+body+and+half+breadth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEja4Tr-qMcBrGGWwx3jTWEYzJ-9neqVCV_dS4NK_0p-P5BMWaBnJyAqN7xIFg4hvpEQUSLuB1KyzB5AS56dUT-DW0oXcBrqCrJ8hxb4tYkyNVs5qdrEyWyK00GYZhiYNyeRGRGRn96mXcTE/s400/Maidstone+1758+sheer%252C+body+and+half+breadth.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">H.M.S. <i>Maidstone</i> (1758), 28 gun Sixth Rate Ship</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
She was built at Chatham dockyard between October, 1756 and April, 1758 by Thomas Steward of Rochester, one of the Royal Navy's first batch of "Coventry" class frigates. H.M.S. <i>Maidstone </i>was a sixth rate square rigged ship, and could throw a modest 117 pound broadside weight of metal from the two dozen 9 pound cannons on each side of her 118', 4"gun deck, with another meager 6 pounds from the four 3 pounders on her quarterdeck and a dozen swivels. She was no ship of the line, but at 593 tons burthen was still among the larger ships of her class and as a post-ship she rated a post-captain as commander.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwku5oq2NgZU5LHgCUTYd0rrDeZ0G6Z6dPIiDeUHOGTzlghVBWCMzWUv87sCjliDou_y4ZutGr-dr2sXzGcewynvqHvJ6ZCm4X_jD6k6-_HCeFYTJKVcpvULd2etHqxArEwSw5pQ8vLTcQ/s1600/1024px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwku5oq2NgZU5LHgCUTYd0rrDeZ0G6Z6dPIiDeUHOGTzlghVBWCMzWUv87sCjliDou_y4ZutGr-dr2sXzGcewynvqHvJ6ZCm4X_jD6k6-_HCeFYTJKVcpvULd2etHqxArEwSw5pQ8vLTcQ/s400/1024px-Quibcardinaux2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Battle of Quiberon Bay by Nicholas Pocock (1812)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<i>Maidstone </i>had a full compliment of about 19 officers (commissioned and warrant, quarterdeck and standing) , 200 men and about 24 marines. She was commissioned during the Seven Years War under Captain Dudley Diggs and had early success that year in single ship actions along the Normandy Coast. She also participated in support of larger fleet actions, including serving as one of 5 frigates with the 21 ships of the line under Admiral Hawke at Battle of Quiberon Bay in November, 1759. Her next commander, Captain Weston Vargo, continued on station in the Channel and along with H.M.S. <i>Rochester</i> and <i>Renommee</i> took the 26-gun frigate <i>La Guirlande </i>in August, 1762.<br />
<br />
<i>Maidstone</i> returned to Portsmouth in March, 1763 and paid off her crew. Her next voyage would have a very different character, no longer a ship at war but an extension of royal authority providing seaborne enforcement of customs regulations in the North American colonies. Her commander for this commission was Captain Charles Antrobus (1726-1769). Not much is known about his origins, though he evidently had a brother in Ireland who helped settle his ship's accounts in 1766. Captain Antrobus made the post-captain's list on February 17, 1758. His first ship at this rank had been H.M.S. <i>Surprise</i> in 1759 (an older sixth rate launched in 1746), followed by the 5th-rate H.M.S. <i>Southampton</i> (launched in 1757) which he commanded from 1760-1763. He was given H.M.S. <i>Maidstone </i>as his next ship.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCXJEIknMp8UtxoIRmqEjBgCsyxEKe47Ekc3NOPDI1yOfY7jB6DpBxb_9515UxyPJ7wK9i7TLWTV-3fcsoUNfAllhwdks2WDhGDPXO7LvZdVzRERXJ9MQF001_i5wQMC_Ux3XUTZfD9EC/s1600/Cuthbert+Baines%252C+1st+Lt.+of+Maidstone+in+1765.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCCXJEIknMp8UtxoIRmqEjBgCsyxEKe47Ekc3NOPDI1yOfY7jB6DpBxb_9515UxyPJ7wK9i7TLWTV-3fcsoUNfAllhwdks2WDhGDPXO7LvZdVzRERXJ9MQF001_i5wQMC_Ux3XUTZfD9EC/s200/Cuthbert+Baines%252C+1st+Lt.+of+Maidstone+in+1765.jpg" width="156" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cuthbert Baines</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>Maidston</i>e's other commissioned officers under Captain Antrobus were 1st Lieutenant Cuthbert Baines (1743-1810) and 2nd Lieutenant Jenkins. Cuthbert Baines was born in Suffolk, the fifth son of John and Elizabeth Baines. He first went to sea in the merchant service at the age of 12 but soon joined the navy as Captain's apprentice and a seaman. He was rated midshipman in 1758 and commissioned as Lieutenant on March 11, 1761. He was appointed First Lieutenant of <i>Maidstone</i> on April 19th, 1763 while at Gibraltar. <br />
<br />
2nd Lieutenant Jenkins was William Jenkins, who according to the Navy List was commissioned lieutenant on August 6th, 1762. Lieutenant Jenkins would play a significant part in the events that lead to rioting in Newport over customs seizures and naval impressment in 1765 but vanishes from the known record thereafter. I have a theory about what happened to him that I'll discuss in a subsequent post.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsaNt630vMVp4HOanOg6cAUqzLYN46ZJ7qL0dDB-mJElJrGduv7-bpjkLsYkDLPO3gdYrbWtcaLcNW-v1Wn6orxewES3QM16wX3Yjaz4TgQQFTRw4MtZXG1zShkW9wcTvHQOY9H1LJh2go/s1600/Maidstone+Admiralty+Hull+Model+1758.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsaNt630vMVp4HOanOg6cAUqzLYN46ZJ7qL0dDB-mJElJrGduv7-bpjkLsYkDLPO3gdYrbWtcaLcNW-v1Wn6orxewES3QM16wX3Yjaz4TgQQFTRw4MtZXG1zShkW9wcTvHQOY9H1LJh2go/s320/Maidstone+Admiralty+Hull+Model+1758.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ship model, Admiralty Dockyard model, HMS "Maidstone", <br />
wood / ivory, made by Stephen Bingle, <br />
Royal Naval Dockyard, Chatham, Kent, England, c. 1756<br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Although H.M.S. <i>Maidstone</i>'s logs and muster books survive from this period in the British National Archives at Kew, I have not had access to them. The only other named men that I have discovered are the <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">purser
(one W. Mortimer) and his clerk John Bell, Jr. There would have been other warrant officers (the Master and Surgeon), along with perhaps four Midshipmen, a Marine Lieutenant, and other specialists, including the bosun, gunner, carpenter, sailmaker and their mates, a cook and the Captain's clerk. The rest of the ship's 190 or so seamen were rated able, ordinary or landsmen according to their experience and ability. Many, perhaps half of the ship's company would have been pressed into service when they joined the navy, and a few deserted while <i>Maidstone</i> was refitting in Portsmouth prior to sailing for America in the summer of 1763.<br /><br />H.M.S.<i> Maidstone</i> would be joining The North American squadron under Rear Admiral of the White Alexander Lord Colville, a Scottish <span style="font-family: inherit;">p</span>eer who was charged with patrolling the American coast between Nova Scotia and Florida with his headquarters at the <span style="font-family: inherit;">naval</span> base in Halifax. All of the 21 ships in Colville's squadron were dispatched from various ports in England in the summer of 1763, replacing those previously on station. Their primary task was to enforce trade and navigation laws, but also to discourage the French from any ideas of regaining a hold in Canadian waters.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Captain Antrobus sailed from Spithead with H.M.S.<i> Maidstone </i>on July 3, 1763. It must have been a rough crossing, for another ship brought news to Halifax on September 30th that "<span style="line-height: 115%;"><i>the Maidstone, Captain Antrobus has sprung her formast and has put in to Louisberg [Nova Scotia].</i>" Still, the ship was in much better shape than her sister Frigate <i>H.M.S. Mermaid</i>, which was completed dismasted during her voyage from England and lost her bowsprit as well. Both <i>Maidstone</i> and <i>Mermaid</i> also required a replacement ships boat while under repair in Nova Scotia, which the Admiral ordered from Boston in February, 1764.<br /><br />There are few indications of <i>Maidstone</i>'s activity before she arrived and took up station in Newport, Rhode Island in December, 1764. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KhOj0RMfDz0C&pg=PA63&dq=Nantasket+Maidstone+antrobus+1764&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiqupC68rXOAhVJShQKHStQCB0Q6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Nantasket%20Maidstone%20antrobus%201764&f=false" target="_blank">A Boston diarist </a>noted her arrival at Nantasket Roads on September 23, 1764, but that is about all that can be determined without examining the Admiralty records. She left a much more extensive record of her activities in Rhode Island. We will discuss her customs enforcement and naval manning activities in Rhode Island waters in 1765 and the reactions they prompted in Newport in the next post in this series.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><br />
<br />Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-37065109993011205042016-08-09T04:59:00.002-07:002016-08-09T05:29:48.040-07:00"An Arbitrary Action, Contrary to Law, Inconsistent with Liberty": Planning a 1765 Naval Impressment Scenario in Newport, Rhode Island (Part I)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTuDRkF4MseAhJYBFNP8zfmMujEzhrPnfhRqFVdufPEwKVjBcBXbhpHJBpeThrHHAAkmx7Hix8Y_Cedsi_WztZb8kGzFqeRphSaN-9vujpO2ayieTPTcy5OGYA8R_-QVlHouOgJBDReH9/s1600/Liberty+of+the+Subject.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitTuDRkF4MseAhJYBFNP8zfmMujEzhrPnfhRqFVdufPEwKVjBcBXbhpHJBpeThrHHAAkmx7Hix8Y_Cedsi_WztZb8kGzFqeRphSaN-9vujpO2ayieTPTcy5OGYA8R_-QVlHouOgJBDReH9/s400/Liberty+of+the+Subject.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Liberty of the Subject (1779) by James Gillray</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The <a href="http://www.newporthistory.org/events/event/naval-impressment-a-1765-reenactment-in-colonial-newport/" target="_blank">Newport Historical Society is hosting a Naval Impressment event</a> on August 27th, 2016 for which I and several of my fellows bear a great deal of responsibility. What began with a casual remark at last year's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKya5et2Q4o" target="_blank">Stamp Tax Protest</a> about incorporating a proper press gang into our activities has grown to be one of the most eagerly anticipated living history happenings of the Summer, featuring a Royal Navy press gang lead by a teenage Midshipman front and center. I've done a considerable amount of research for this event, along with
Elizabeth Sulock of the NHS who has generously supported our enthusiasm
for this idea while ensuring that it serves the interpretive goals of her organization, complies with local permitting requirements, &c. We
owe her and the NHS a debt of gratitude for their support, flexibility and
professionalism.<br />
<br />
The concept for this scenario is to recreate episodes relating to customs enforcement and naval impressment during June and July, 1765 that were to culminate in the the <a href="http://www.revolutionarynewport.com/the-1765-stamp-act-riot.html" target="_blank">Newport Stamp Tax riot</a> later that August. It has attracted some of the finest historical interpreters of the laboring classes in this period - and of 18th century nautical subjects in particular - and among other things has transformed my 13-year-old son into a proper <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/08/making-elias-middy-recreating-royal.html" target="_blank">Royal Navy Midshipman</a> to lead the press gang. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzJJzO4IgcEFY_exxl4kmpfVKl_fXnhJxLG05LFIUAfGe-lEl4HXinndgwFG-23i3ETE8ojsYkP9KFYnHOuz-rPkb4VtZk-MYoUJzXzMp_cehZsI4n_qTu0VvDMhO4n5QXR0KsXluRv1ou/s1600/ThePressGang_1770_Walpole+detail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="357" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzJJzO4IgcEFY_exxl4kmpfVKl_fXnhJxLG05LFIUAfGe-lEl4HXinndgwFG-23i3ETE8ojsYkP9KFYnHOuz-rPkb4VtZk-MYoUJzXzMp_cehZsI4n_qTu0VvDMhO4n5QXR0KsXluRv1ou/s400/ThePressGang_1770_Walpole+detail.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">detail from The Press Gang (1770) by Walpole</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In addition to depicting sea-officers and sailors from H.M.S "<i>Maidstone</i>", our cast of characters reflects the waterfront and mercantile aspects of Colonial Newport in 1765: a volatile period when customary rights of colonial citizens and their elected authorities were challenged by royal naval assertion of superseding prerogatives and powers that derived from the King. <br />
<br />
Both customs enforcement activity and naval impressment created great friction in Rhode Island and several other North American colonies during the mid-1760s. To place these conflicts in their proper context requires an examination of both the interpretation and enforcement of laws respecting the collection of customs duties in the colonies following the French and Indian War and manning His Majesty's navy when serving in North America.<br />
<br />
The Royal Navy faced a serious manning problem when stationed outside
home waters. On a two year voyage, losses to illness, accidents and
desertion could leave vessels stranded in port without enough capable hands to operate the
ship. These conditions persisted even in peacetime, though the
legality of impressment as a means to address this problem was highly questionable in those brief periods
in the 18th century when Britain was not at war.<br />
<br />
The conditions under which impressment could be used, against whom it could be employed, and under what legal authority, were understood quite differently in the 18th century when it occurred in home waters than when in British colonial possessions overseas. The King and his sea-officers generally did not consider the sovereign's right to press seamen to maintain the Royal Navy in time of war to be limited by local authority, and the governors of charter colonies like Rhode Island and their seafaring citizens thought otherwise.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-UaRoklrDg6Ua3BN5FtJTnVuxkVWPfSRnbY47MSlvfiHEL3EsInyo2STVKTOQWDvp2S6Z8qV2BspIi1BBa-sKCF_upT6ACRCwnA8FnjstuW9smmJHIGXTKjPzZdMeYaewm3ZHheCGbzY5/s1600/Sixth+of+Anne+revelant+bits.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-UaRoklrDg6Ua3BN5FtJTnVuxkVWPfSRnbY47MSlvfiHEL3EsInyo2STVKTOQWDvp2S6Z8qV2BspIi1BBa-sKCF_upT6ACRCwnA8FnjstuW9smmJHIGXTKjPzZdMeYaewm3ZHheCGbzY5/s640/Sixth+of+Anne+revelant+bits.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Article IX of the "Sixth of Anne" 1708, concerning protection from Impressment in North America and the West Indies</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
From time to time the Crown did appreciate that excessive impressment of merchant seamen could badly damage trade. Enacted in 1708, the so-called Sixth of Anne protected merchant seaman in North America and the West-Indies from impressment unless they were Royal Navy deserters. It was not at all clear that this protection remained in force after Queen Anne's War ended in 1713, and furthermore the colonial governors tended to believe that any impressment in areas under their jurisdiction required their approval to be legal. The situation became more confused in 1746, when modification were enacted to protect trade in the West Indies by prohibiting impressment without approval of the colonial authorities, but this was not extended to the rest of British North America. The Sixth of Anne was finally repealed in 1775 at the outset of the American War of Independence, which cleared up any remaining ambiguity as to its continued application in the Colonies. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT6lwD4MCZV3Z1hP2UrZimYNhIWECj2W1Em3if9F8-R3MqACves76p48lAl6RhAPSblSqUunnrqAt_FFKA8mDsEkvY_QL7XaHtswR0CZO7SchBJD2HoYXUnX3SDREAp-YIXxgp3iLdauK_/s1600/detail+revere.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT6lwD4MCZV3Z1hP2UrZimYNhIWECj2W1Em3if9F8-R3MqACves76p48lAl6RhAPSblSqUunnrqAt_FFKA8mDsEkvY_QL7XaHtswR0CZO7SchBJD2HoYXUnX3SDREAp-YIXxgp3iLdauK_/s400/detail+revere.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">detail from Paul Revere's Engraving of British Troops landing at Boston (1768)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Pressed men were most often skilled sailors who subsequently lost their
rights as merchant seamen to serve on a vessel of their own choosing for
a contracted period of time and the higher wages of the merchant
service. This lose of liberty made the waterfront the front line of
resistance to royal authority. <br />
<br />
Resistance to impressment came to a violent head in the American colonies well before the Sixth of Anne was formally abandoned as Crown policy. In 1747 during King George's War, Admiral Knowles began a "hot press" in Boston that prompted three days of rioting. In 1760 during the French and Indian War, an impressment attempt in New York Harbor by Captain John Hale of H.M.S. <i>Winchester</i> lead to the repulse of a boarding party by the crew of the merchant ship <i>Samson</i>, who kept up a heavy small arms fire and killed four of the Royal Navy seamen. In 1769, a standoff between four merchant sailors barricaded in the forehold of the American brig <i>Pitt Packet</i> and a press gang from H.M.S. <i>Rose</i> resulted in the spearing death of Royal Navy Lieutenant Henry Panton. John Adams defended these merchant sailors at their trial, during which he attempted to use the Sixth of Anne as evidence of the illegality of impressment in North America. Rather than open that can of worms, Governor Hutchinson adjourned the court, which rendered a verdict of justifiable homicide the following day.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguxc_-NPk2-I6nmQWiOyFL6YIEDer8RWiurA5yFIjlEl4TLIQepauiXoNWILoIlt4f1QyO7iPclKUYyxJOk54gUh9WyNNq7__Xnuy4pSDA-PNJOvteFG-9g-dtJaJdCMJPVyxyJWuMPhDT/s1600/S%25E2%2580%25ACs+off+the+Gun+Wharf+at+Portsmouth+1770+by+Serres+detail+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguxc_-NPk2-I6nmQWiOyFL6YIEDer8RWiurA5yFIjlEl4TLIQepauiXoNWILoIlt4f1QyO7iPclKUYyxJOk54gUh9WyNNq7__Xnuy4pSDA-PNJOvteFG-9g-dtJaJdCMJPVyxyJWuMPhDT/s400/S%25E2%2580%25ACs+off+the+Gun+Wharf+at+Portsmouth+1770+by+Serres+detail+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">detail from "Ships of the Gun Wharf at Portsmouth (1770) by Serres</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The use of impressment in British North America continued after the French and Indian War, in large part because of the expanded naval presence required for its new customs enforcement mission. The Sugar Act of 1764, combined with more aggressive enforcement of the Navigation and Currency Acts and associated customs duties, put the Royal Navy squarely at odds with the interests of colonial merchants, and seamen, especially in the Northern colonies. <br />
<br />
Colonies like Rhode Island felt deeply constrained by these measures, which limited their trading partners and initially imposed high duties on molasses that lead to an underground economy with increased smuggling. In <i>The Economic History of Newport Rhode Island from the Colonial era to beyond the War of 1812</i>, author Kenneth Walsh analyzed customs duties on imported molasses in 1769, when import duties had been reduced to just a penny per pound, and concludes that between 2/3 and 3/4 of all molasses carried on Newport ships in that year did not go through customs.<br />
<br />
Conditions of lax enforcement, including outright bribery of customs officials, changed after Parliament and the Grenville government assigned the Royal Navy the task of seaborne customs enforcement in the American Colonies. The Fifth of George III, passed by Parliament in 1765, reinforced the authority of the Royal Navy in spite of opposition from the colonial authorities to make seizures at sea as part of its customs enforcement mission, including <br />
<br />
"<i>all seizures made by the commanders or officers of His Majesty's ships or vessels of war, duly authorized for that purpose, anywhere at sea, in, or upon any river, and which shall not be actually made on shore, within any British colony or plantation in America."</i><br />
<br />
This was but one in a series of measures taken by the Grenville government to assert royal authority over local affairs in British North America, where charter colonies like Rhode Island still retained the right to elect their own charters governments and court officials and other Crown colonies had their governors appointed by the King. Resistance to customs enforcement took place not only on the waterfront but in the local admiralty courts, which often refused to recognize the legality of seizures and sometimes allowed significant damage claims against Royal Navy officers by the owners and crews. This situation lead to hardened attitudes on the part of thwarted enforcement agents, which in turn could lead to more aggressive use of impressment without regard for customary colonial protections.<br />
<br />
Such was the case in Newport in 1765, when the officers of H.M.S. <i>Maidstone</i> confronted a resistant governor, an uncooperative local court system, and acts of defiance by those engaged in smuggling and their supporters. We will examine the Maistone, her customs enforcement mission, and her Captain's increased use of impressment while stationed at Newport, in the next post in this series.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuZjOZcYW82RIlNTQbLu_XvcCS-YpwG5rOp_1PvZk7acfStEVpLlwcDmzAy529a6C9d3vQ1EAW_wfH6lqmNXfccsyGIZ9gSFRI8RD5OhQEKC9MVBUGTf9s-mccCAA7df0d2UbHGl7KaiLy/s1600/Brigantine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuZjOZcYW82RIlNTQbLu_XvcCS-YpwG5rOp_1PvZk7acfStEVpLlwcDmzAy529a6C9d3vQ1EAW_wfH6lqmNXfccsyGIZ9gSFRI8RD5OhQEKC9MVBUGTf9s-mccCAA7df0d2UbHGl7KaiLy/s320/Brigantine.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An 18th century Brigantine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-74058054446391515742016-08-08T07:46:00.001-07:002016-08-08T07:46:21.971-07:00Making Elias a Middy: Recreating a Royal Navy Midshipman, circa 1765<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjngnLa0JUkJeNR0D5FFE_SsHLP1Bxf5KDz4jKVoKuyrKZyeN0HSpBGrsHoTxV-5FRkBEHo8-0K7yyx-91E1CbIW-LtAb-ZPkbtgNvVk721T_Qo_f4txyHhjOest6gq1O10kWoplBXejqau/s1600/Overmantle+painting+of+Newport+c+1740+private+collection+photo+Gavin+Ashworth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjngnLa0JUkJeNR0D5FFE_SsHLP1Bxf5KDz4jKVoKuyrKZyeN0HSpBGrsHoTxV-5FRkBEHo8-0K7yyx-91E1CbIW-LtAb-ZPkbtgNvVk721T_Qo_f4txyHhjOest6gq1O10kWoplBXejqau/s400/Overmantle+painting+of+Newport+c+1740+private+collection+photo+Gavin+Ashworth.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Overmantle painting of Newport Harbor circa 1740</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
During last year's commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the Newport Stamp Tax "Protest", my friend Greg Hurley (one of the rioting seamen) observed that my then twelve-year-old son Elias would make a splendid midshipman, and said that he had always wanted to do a proper press gang scenario lead by an age-appropriate junior naval officer. The seed of that casual remark germinated into a full on reenactment of an episode of resistance to Royal Navy impressment in Colonial Newport in 1765 that will take place under the auspices of the Newport Historical Society at the end of this month (August 27th, 2016). Elias will indeed be a 13-year-old Royal Navy midshipman, and I will be among the American seamen opposing his efforts to man H.M.S. <i>Maidstone</i> with pressed seamen from the Colony.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBSTvJuJdOvlkmOdsjWuLqHzUNg_tgR8_maQipZpi0H1-GVqyPZ4Q-ow3cBYiohpzqh_L0IvrDkQlMqvE-z5gD_uR6aYJEaP6ljBvRQF9OGb1CgvencwjqfYYFUa55ZvgVazchHVFzb347/s1600/Midshipman+Augustus+Brine+1782+by+Copley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBSTvJuJdOvlkmOdsjWuLqHzUNg_tgR8_maQipZpi0H1-GVqyPZ4Q-ow3cBYiohpzqh_L0IvrDkQlMqvE-z5gD_uR6aYJEaP6ljBvRQF9OGb1CgvencwjqfYYFUa55ZvgVazchHVFzb347/s320/Midshipman+Augustus+Brine+1782+by+Copley.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Midshipman Augustus Brine (1782) by Copley<br />
<i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
It helps that Elias looks remarkably like the adolescent (and even younger) boys who served as Royal Navy midshipmen during the latter half of the 18th Century - the golden age of the mullet. Because he has hit a major growth spurt, adding as much as an inch of height every six weeks, outfitting him in hand sewn, authentic clothing that he may soon outgrow was a major commitment, but the opportunity to really pull off this impression convinced us to try.<br />
<br />
As part of the research for his impression, I went to the Metropolitan Museum of Art to view the Copley portrait of Augustus Brine, at left, as well as reviewing a number of other images of portraits of Midshipman dating between 1770 and 1782. Eli and I plan to return to NYC in full seafaring rig in September to pose alongside Copley's wonderful painting of his 18th century doppelganger.<br />
<br />
The 1765 period of our depiction was a transitional one in Royal Navy uniforms and included both dress and undress "frock uniform" coats for commissioned naval officers, but just one coat used for all occasions by midshipmen. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The <span style="font-family: inherit;">m</span>idshipman, though a young gentleman, straddled the world<span style="font-family: inherit;"> of the seaman and sea-officer. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Prior to 1748, there was no official uniform prescribed for officers in the Royal <span style="font-family: inherit;">Navy. Orders from the Admiralty in April 13, 1748 specified that <br /><br />“<i>persons acting as Midshipmen should like-wise have a uniform clothing
in order to distinguish their Class to be in the Rank of Gentlemen, and give them better credit and figure in executing the commands of their superior officers</i>”<br /></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4A9oHWqdbco4ix4rz7Fsy4rbIG9waEf4MIwRv7mODPcNAh2b26wUmay-V1R0_7OQhRpiNnzeRyWEV-PZeJbtzuCvLuiLMutkl9hhIHVYNuIKMe9DAdrstlWDoMzEjxqB4AvaWF4SCgIcA/s1600/Bentinick.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4A9oHWqdbco4ix4rz7Fsy4rbIG9waEf4MIwRv7mODPcNAh2b26wUmay-V1R0_7OQhRpiNnzeRyWEV-PZeJbtzuCvLuiLMutkl9hhIHVYNuIKMe9DAdrstlWDoMzEjxqB4AvaWF4SCgIcA/s320/Bentinick.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Captain
John Bentinck and his son William Bentinck <br />(in the uniform of the Naval
Academy at Portsmouth) <br />painted in 1775 by Mason Chamberlin, <br />in
collection of Royal Museums Greenwich</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It took a long time for sea-officers' clothing to become truly uniform, and within twenty years the gorgeous, heavily laced uniforms of Admirals and Captains gave way in 1768 to unlaced frock uniforms being used for formal occasions. As for the midshipmen, their coats saw minor changed between 1748 and 1774, the most notable being the reduction in size of their white coat sleeve cuffs in accordance with prevailing fashion, and a white collar tab and button on the outside of the collar instead of wearing the initial high collar of 1748 turned down to expose the white lining. Buttons were either gold or brass, but the distinctive anchor associated with uniform buttons of sea-officers of higher rank after 1787 are extremely rare in portraits of midshipmen prior to the end of the American Revolution. As Elias's coat was intended for sea service in the mid-1760s and perhaps beyond until he outgrows it, we settled on a coat that would work well from about 1765 to <span style="font-family: inherit;">the end of the American Revolution</span>.<br /><br />Matthew Brenckle, an historian <span style="font-family: inherit;">with </span>the <i>U.S.S. Constitution </i>whose thesis research included examination of an extraordinary range of surviving artifacts and textiles recovered from 18th century shipwrecks, made both the Midshipman's coat and hat for Elias's impression. During our event at Newport, Matthew will portray 1st Lieutenant Cuthbert Baines of H.M.S. <i>Maidstone</i>, a 6th rate ship on customs duty in North America between 1763-1766. The precise cut of the uniform coat was determined by him, including the pleated skirts and dropped waist. <br /><br />Our choices for an appropriate wool were extremely limited. Had their been any available, the most expensive option<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoKGtjH_7ME7gdhLhZ2PqeqLzTgtWThF4yll12x1Uak6JOLuNSbZDUaFMDVvYyRdz8wf6PvCe8iWyghVc_trvRrvN8cYksqJiNTLELKoqSPYq_XyGwKl0YLOLkkpuuGwlD7nGf5axqTaAf/s1600/Midshipman+coat+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoKGtjH_7ME7gdhLhZ2PqeqLzTgtWThF4yll12x1Uak6JOLuNSbZDUaFMDVvYyRdz8wf6PvCe8iWyghVc_trvRrvN8cYksqJiNTLELKoqSPYq_XyGwKl0YLOLkkpuuGwlD7nGf5axqTaAf/s320/Midshipman+coat+1.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">RN Midshipman's Coat 1765-1782<br />
by Matthew Brenckle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
would have been to use Kochan & Phillips Superfine, but happily we discovered an excellent alternative that proved to be a perfect color match for surviving British navy coats of this period. This was from Burnley & Trowbridge, listed as <a href="http://www.burnleyandtrowbridge.com/6072.aspx" target="_blank">Indigo Fine Wool Broadcloth</a>. It is a shade too light for Continental Army uniforms but perfect for our purposes, and cheaper by 350% than K&P. The coat lining and cuffs are white wool that Matthew had on hand, and the sleeves are also appropriately lined. We used large, slightly domed gold plated buttons for the coat front and the non functional sleeve placets for its distinctive mariner's cuffs. The coat has false buttonholes and closes with two hooks and eyes. The hat was made from rabbit fur felt and features a silk cockade and gold wire loop and button. Matt is an incredible tailor and hatter and was extremely generous with his time and effort for this project.<br /><br />As for small clothes, there were several factors to consider. The greatest of these was to find a tailor willing to take on this project after an initial proposal with another tailor fell through due to completely understandable life challenges. Much to my delight and relief, the partner of one of the other regular participants at Newport <span style="font-family: inherit;">l</span>iving <span style="font-family: inherit;">h</span>istory <span style="font-family: inherit;">e</span>vents agreed to take on not only Elias's waistcoat and trowser needs for this impression but also a pair of breeches he badly needed in order to participate in other events last June. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/RoseTreeHistory/?pnref=lhc" target="_blank">Lorraine Scripture</a> did a phenomenal job with all three hand-sewn garments using measurements and materials that I provided and I recommend her work most highly.<br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">I decided to go with a more formal waistcoat in <a href="http://www.historicaltextiles.com/Colours.html" target="_blank">Natural White K&P wool </a>backed and lined in <a href="http://www.wmboothdraper.com/Linen/indexwithnav.html?linens_index.htm" target="_blank">5.75oz. </a><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.wmboothdraper.com/Linen/indexwithnav.html?linens_index.htm" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5YU_oRCotav_uhq6LBfnGMVAuPEi7SDkhOM_t42sGhvSejUbvOR41tmfz6aF_cIROavjQ-UEMb28nRUuIWhvAuX4pxqdEyCfJYZ2rkFI2oongu-_Cac5dX2W-dK3Zwbmje1dRK6IbNr2e/s320/waistcoat+close+up.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.wmboothdraper.com/Linen/indexwithnav.html?linens_index.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Waistcoat fabric and notions</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.wmboothdraper.com/Linen/indexwithnav.html?linens_index.htm" target="_blank">100% Shirt Linen</a> from William Booth, Draper. The waistcoat has 5/8" small slightly domed gold gilt buttons from <a href="https://bennosbuttons.com/" target="_blank">Benno's Buttons and Trimmings</a>, and they are corded so that other buttons could be substituted if desired. <br /><br />Because Elias is growing very rapidly and because he will be leading a shore party on press duty, I elected to go with less formal trowsers rather than breeches. These were made from </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><a href="http://www.wmboothdraper.com/Linen/indexwithnav.html?linens_index.htm" target="_blank">100% Hemp 12.5 oz Russia Sheeting</a> from Wm. Booth, Draper and would have been issued directly from the ship's slops. There are several portraits of <span style="font-family: inherit;">m</span>idshipman and naval cadets between 1775-1782 wearing trowsers, including HRH Prince William Henry, Midshipman of H<span style="font-family: inherit;">.M.S. <i>Prince George</i>. The Prince wears his trowsers long, and Elias has some ro<span style="font-family: inherit;">om in<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the leg as well<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>as the waist in his pair. With luck he will still be able to use them next year, though<span style="font-family: inherit;"> undoubtedly with ankles bare.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdUoSTb6XebOGPYw4wN_9C8PqR5ZwPDVpN2eNqtH5Kcs3L_8ndbjfSUcpohXRbYsCcec4mtIid0epWlwEmzbB6KXOaCxtkrr2B6CKSEPf7nN0W7u__RRj1ugfgXrlSHbaEPQkOwIJKRaQo/s1600/Prince+William.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdUoSTb6XebOGPYw4wN_9C8PqR5ZwPDVpN2eNqtH5Kcs3L_8ndbjfSUcpohXRbYsCcec4mtIid0epWlwEmzbB6KXOaCxtkrr2B6CKSEPf7nN0W7u__RRj1ugfgXrlSHbaEPQkOwIJKRaQo/s320/Prince+William.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">H.R.H. Prince William Henry<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (1782)<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="font-family: inherit;">e</span>ngraving <span style="font-family: inherit;">a</span>fter Benjamin West</span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Elias wears a black silk neck handkerchief<span style="font-family: inherit;"> and clocked silk stockings (though the latter are barely visible). He has a plain <span style="font-family: inherit;">white linen shirt but I fashioned a small jabot for him to wear poking above the waistcoat collar and beneath the <span style="font-family: inherit;">neck cloth. <span style="font-family: inherit;">His <span style="font-family: inherit;">long blond hair w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ill be left loose and undressed, which is startling to some 18th century reenactors who expect his hair to be worn in a for<span style="font-family: inherit;">mal queue, but is true to naval fashion in thi<span style="font-family: inherit;">s period. HRH Prince William Henry (shown at right) wears his in a queue, but other Middies, be the lordings <span style="font-family: inherit;">or middlings, are show<span style="font-family: inherit;">n in portraits</span> with their locks unbound. <span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><br /><br />Likewise, while <span style="font-family: inherit;">m</span>idshipmen <span style="font-family: inherit;">of the <span style="font-family: inherit;">Napoleonic</span> period wo<span style="font-family: inherit;">re a distinctive dirk, th<span style="font-family: inherit;">ose<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>of the mid to latter 18th century seem to have carried hangers or cutlasses more typical of this period, most often shown in port<span style="font-family: inherit;">raits as worn </span>from a <span style="font-family: inherit;">waist belt</span> carriage. After much deliberation, I elected to have Elias carry a <span style="font-family: inherit;">1750s -1770s era hanger with a lion's head pummel, worn with a 1750's era <span style="font-family: inherit;">waist belt</span> with <span style="font-family: inherit;">a Double D buckle,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the latter of which I already owned. Very little of this belt is visible but what shows is period appropriate.<br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Q65gTcVj8YCEMPcFTZohltbpbkngZcHEoQSmiBs02QCmxxWpC-B9zJpdG2XYeHrMtf7DA4a3R49jkfDntjzUxbyv0HDl6OjzsoP6nu0ZQ9i2pX20elsLhT7WjRT9JnCfpFdi3wzgc0Sr/s1600/Hickey+Brayton.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0Q65gTcVj8YCEMPcFTZohltbpbkngZcHEoQSmiBs02QCmxxWpC-B9zJpdG2XYeHrMtf7DA4a3R49jkfDntjzUxbyv0HDl6OjzsoP6nu0ZQ9i2pX20elsLhT7WjRT9JnCfpFdi3wzgc0Sr/s320/Hickey+Brayton.jpg" width="262" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Midshipman Hickey Brayton (1780)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>He also needed new shoes. Having invested considerable time and treasure in this impression, I <span style="font-family: inherit;">decided that he neede<span style="font-family: inherit;">d shoes appr<span style="font-family: inherit;">opriate to his station but settled for machine made. I found <span style="font-family: inherit;">what I needed in the smooth side out Ligonier model from Fugawee, with a wid<span style="font-family: inherit;">e, rectangular pair of roped shoe buckles in tinned brass.<br /><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">We had the chance to photograph Elias wearing his full kit with Buzzards Bay as the back<span style="font-family: inherit;">drop during a family vacation in Wareham, MA last week. The impression will have its shakedown crui<span style="font-family: inherit;">se this Sunday when he <span style="font-family: inherit;">portrays</span> Midship<span style="font-family: inherit;">man John Loring, 3rd youngest of the <span style="font-family: inherit;">notorious</span> loyalist Joshua Loring, at the Loring Homestead in Jamaica Plain, Boston. <br /><br />Then, on August 27th in Newport, <span style="font-family: inherit;">he will stand in for 2nd Lieut<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span> William Jenkins of H.M<span style="font-family: inherit;">.S. <i><span style="font-family: inherit;">Maids<span style="font-family: inherit;">tone</span></span></i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">, 1st Lieut.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Cuthbert Baines, acting Commander in the absense of Captain Charles Antrobus. There will be half a dozen royal navy seamen<span style="font-family: inherit;"> in authentic 1760s kit serving in his press gang, and a motley crew of wharf rats, <span style="font-family: inherit;">coasters, wood-boat men, merchant seamen and other denizens of the town and Colony on <span style="font-family: inherit;">hand, as well as a 36<span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span>foot <span style="font-family: inherit;">RN gig and a 17<span style="font-family: inherit;">-</span>foot fish<span style="font-family: inherit;">ing dory as part of this event. I'll post more about that in the coming weeks. <br /><br />For now, enjoy the debut of Midshipman Elias, the sharpest snotty that ever was. He has a bit or room to grow in the sleeve and pant leg, a bit more at the waist, which is a blessing considering how fast he is <span style="font-family: inherit;">sprouting.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB-IU8Tg1Up_qECPEwRzE_QhOqCLbWn5hMclLWadDPXEOFoedw-GM_-4fWOAb1C_z2Vylt94hUNNj10ce8spK7EQIju1V2Kz3impvXqxCBfQeBD6K3LqhPUifXBTb6dEEhyoe8cNqfN9US/s1600/Midshipman+instructions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgB-IU8Tg1Up_qECPEwRzE_QhOqCLbWn5hMclLWadDPXEOFoedw-GM_-4fWOAb1C_z2Vylt94hUNNj10ce8spK7EQIju1V2Kz3impvXqxCBfQeBD6K3LqhPUifXBTb6dEEhyoe8cNqfN9US/s320/Midshipman+instructions.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtnq_BUDiz3JhlyuqixobTydCpNRMvBYUrprMEA-Lnsa23ORmf1uCixOiWNQdg7xCwB0dShEyZT3HjTEptQEyNlMEMq9yZD7DlOuxuUe5bxOAvCdKzRRyjjAPDfo8w07LBtRPFDp-RAOuD/s1600/ELias+middy+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtnq_BUDiz3JhlyuqixobTydCpNRMvBYUrprMEA-Lnsa23ORmf1uCixOiWNQdg7xCwB0dShEyZT3HjTEptQEyNlMEMq9yZD7DlOuxuUe5bxOAvCdKzRRyjjAPDfo8w07LBtRPFDp-RAOuD/s400/ELias+middy+1.jpg" width="221" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHwevLq0Yc82An4nFSi6PvH5ZBP9k8a28iSsk_C3Nkae3y5PFeBtEeFhZwg1ldkVk2RBAquszF0UW2pclBv8THa35HTCvbZu0RLK2rgk0cAWWJkh9jSSDTLkvOK0zgs6iu9YC90KrX_3V/s1600/Elias+Middy+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAHwevLq0Yc82An4nFSi6PvH5ZBP9k8a28iSsk_C3Nkae3y5PFeBtEeFhZwg1ldkVk2RBAquszF0UW2pclBv8THa35HTCvbZu0RLK2rgk0cAWWJkh9jSSDTLkvOK0zgs6iu9YC90KrX_3V/s320/Elias+Middy+3.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKcpzs-X6MOghdcuUzlxw2qOQT8Z0AMq-g8SfzH31fk0LdFsZsVhLDPUqgs0in5asWml6BsUanjr76dj6K6dXDKaWsHPRMJMJMW63Yie5Jl-vMNUvFr43uWdv9_UT_TtQFu1BC3sM3XjS/s1600/Elias+Middy+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBKcpzs-X6MOghdcuUzlxw2qOQT8Z0AMq-g8SfzH31fk0LdFsZsVhLDPUqgs0in5asWml6BsUanjr76dj6K6dXDKaWsHPRMJMJMW63Yie5Jl-vMNUvFr43uWdv9_UT_TtQFu1BC3sM3XjS/s320/Elias+Middy+2.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2FK79YfgawSDpKR-VeOkFtDr14FsGhujklcYEyzI0flgpm8Z9wslVmebcm9bN7BlNIBTUs1R03a1chzsUBVC9x0c-SMgtWbfwMTDip8kkR8jNVmFQy-O5ZiaPeKdhrO_XM_C8V0RNE93x/s1600/Elias+Middy+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2FK79YfgawSDpKR-VeOkFtDr14FsGhujklcYEyzI0flgpm8Z9wslVmebcm9bN7BlNIBTUs1R03a1chzsUBVC9x0c-SMgtWbfwMTDip8kkR8jNVmFQy-O5ZiaPeKdhrO_XM_C8V0RNE93x/s320/Elias+Middy+4.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzbKjjssSTHHtp1JX0LjObCQNnHzdiq5bfNGMRzWi_NXLZJ49gXvg58FGdMcMvNSS3fwMKESyH8IaAy0x3m6N9q6MxjZ6DUg9vTzpPonVjoBf-Mk8pDwNEDMnDntNnZ84hWHahL7r_-Os1/s1600/Elias+Middy+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzbKjjssSTHHtp1JX0LjObCQNnHzdiq5bfNGMRzWi_NXLZJ49gXvg58FGdMcMvNSS3fwMKESyH8IaAy0x3m6N9q6MxjZ6DUg9vTzpPonVjoBf-Mk8pDwNEDMnDntNnZ84hWHahL7r_-Os1/s320/Elias+Middy+7.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirwElBMEzQChJ2iDppENJ-PJ9gWxHV1Ds0BpJwfCEXhUFRBFfSb1UpjejR14gxgE5WUz4qI0CY5k5Ew5LelOpcjMcVfxHuDeaMNu0zFS7ScaWdiF2Ldm1ArV1ai-E4LsZ1Nb8m8J09bf60/s1600/Elias+Middy+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirwElBMEzQChJ2iDppENJ-PJ9gWxHV1Ds0BpJwfCEXhUFRBFfSb1UpjejR14gxgE5WUz4qI0CY5k5Ew5LelOpcjMcVfxHuDeaMNu0zFS7ScaWdiF2Ldm1ArV1ai-E4LsZ1Nb8m8J09bf60/s320/Elias+Middy+6.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgenpDmpJRgHcbANzYZCrqBFxBzYzTm_zKaygyWiz4ZqV0Xbhuf7iPFyAkxBEfM-NmfE2smegZWT1_Z8MSih0kbKr2bMp3DVdcj69wuHuW72KmaMxecEREqrfHXAZ1tGoJGHgDdHx2hFejm/s1600/Elias+Middy+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgenpDmpJRgHcbANzYZCrqBFxBzYzTm_zKaygyWiz4ZqV0Xbhuf7iPFyAkxBEfM-NmfE2smegZWT1_Z8MSih0kbKr2bMp3DVdcj69wuHuW72KmaMxecEREqrfHXAZ1tGoJGHgDdHx2hFejm/s320/Elias+Middy+5.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"></span> Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-30875886964012495042016-07-25T07:41:00.000-07:002016-07-25T07:41:05.110-07:00Matthias Williamson jr. describes his Service During Sullivan's Staten Island Raid, 1777S<span style="font-family: inherit;">ometimes you find unexpected gold in the pension files of
Revolutionary War veterans. Deputy Quartermaster Matthias Williamson, Jr.
of Elizabeth, NJ, for instance, left a detailed description of his involvement with
Colonel Matthias Ogden's detachment of New Jersey Continentals during Sullivan's Staten Island Raid
in August, 1777.</span><br /><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> "<i>…In August in the year 1777 this applicant
was called upon by Colonel Matthias Ogden and requested to provide boats
for a detachment of the army under the command of General Sullivan who
was to cross over from Elizabethtown Point to Staten Island to endeavor
to make prisoners of a [New Jersey loyalist] regiment at Decker’s Ferry
on the North side of the Island and that Colonel Matthias Ogden with two
of the Jersey Regiments and a considerable body of the militia under
Colonel Frelinghuysen were to cross at Blazing Star at Woodbridge to
Staten Island where Colonel Dongan’s and Colonel Lawrence’s [New Jersey
loyalist] regiments were posted. That he depended upon the applicant to
provide boats for General Sullivan’s detachment and that he Colonel
Matthias Ogden would obtain those wanted at the Blazing Star for his
troops. This applicant proceeded to Newark and with difficulty
prevailed upon Captain Pierson to collect his men and remove the boats
that night with muffled oars to prevent a discovery by the enemy, all of
which he affected with success in (season?). This applicant reached
Blazing Star that Evening and reported to Colonel Ogden. About Midnight
the troops began to cross and the boats had to make several trips.
This applicant went over in the first boat – When all the troops had
crossed the Sound & came up to the Highland and all the necessary
arrangements were made, this applicant with a sergeant and fifteen
privates proceeded to a large barn where the enemy’s guard was kept, and
a larger party proceeded to the dwelling house, where Colonel Elisha
Lawrence quartered in order to secure him – This applicant with his
sergeant and men rushed into the barn, surprised the guard and made them
prisoners, ten in number with their arms, not one escaping – leaving
the prisoners under the charge of the Sergeant, this applicant went to
the dwelling house and found Colonel Lawrence had made his escape. This
applicant obtained a horse from a soldier with a bridle, but no saddle,
and pursued three of the enemy running for the woods, when within a few
yards of them they attempted to hide themselves in the bushes. This
applicant called them to come out and surrender, promised them they
should be well treated – They came out and surrendered. Some of our
soldiers coming up took charge of them. Your applicant overtook two
more of them with their muskets not loaded, they surrendered declaring
it was their intention to desert. They were delivered up to Colonel
Frelinghuysen and his party. Most of the enemy that had escaped (next?)
appeared [on] a Hill which was their usual place of Parade. Colonel
Matthias Ogden with his regiment advanced & engaged them. After one
fire they fled and were pursued, some of the stragglers were taken and
Colonel Lawrence was captured in a dwelling house with a considerable
quantity of clothing in a store. Colonel Ogden’s report amounted to One
hundred and twenty prisoners besides Colonel Lawrence and Colonel
Dongan, another Refugee Officer, was killed on the same day making an
attack (afterwards) on the rear of General Sullivan’s detachment...</i>”<br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">This is the most complete description I have found by a participant in this action of the procurement of the boats and the capture of Col. Lawrence's (loyalist) 1st NJV. Among its revelations, Williamson's Pension Declaration describes some of the movements of the NJ Militia under Frelinghuysen, and Matthias Ogden's volley that dispersed the loyalists who were attempting to rally after the initial surprise attack. The matter of the boats was very significant, as they were utterly inadequate to evacuate a larger body of men under General Sullivan during the closing phase of the raid. Williamson is clear about limiting his responsibility for procurement only to those vessels needed for Sullivan to cross over, and that Colonel Ogden saw to those needed for his force at Blazing Star. The boats from Sullivan's crossing never made it to where Ogden had landed for when the combined forces had planned to leave the Island. <br /><br /> Captain Pierson was probably Jonathan Pierson of Spencer's additional regiment. There are other NJ Pierson's who were officers but none of the right rank and in service at this time. <br /><br />Matthias Williamson's father, for whom he was named, was Brigadier General of NJ militia during 1776 and wore himself out trying to supply men and equipment to the Flying Camp. The elder Williamson is my direct ancestor. His daughter married Jonathan Dayton, son of Col. Elias Dayton of the 3rd NJ and a signer of the Constitution.</span>Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-50280359168809601632016-03-27T10:17:00.000-07:002016-04-07T13:15:11.508-07:00Hightlights from the 2016 Boston Massacre Reenactment<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhowZbcdo1fJeFSfU3z8fOe7xHv2mU0uQb6dUjlkkBISQrIFDOPh4hhy3GADI75Ixv8P3t4ZWKFXVf0540p28Pr5s-r-pe2xr0FtqwKUIRoM_suQ8taYDOYhOFGeWIzGGEFBT-RczbIoiSd/s1600/Massacre+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhowZbcdo1fJeFSfU3z8fOe7xHv2mU0uQb6dUjlkkBISQrIFDOPh4hhy3GADI75Ixv8P3t4ZWKFXVf0540p28Pr5s-r-pe2xr0FtqwKUIRoM_suQ8taYDOYhOFGeWIzGGEFBT-RczbIoiSd/s640/Massacre+1.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I got Massacred In Boston,<br />
and all I got was this lousy Striped Calamanco Waistcoat</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
The March 5, 2016 reenactment of the Boston Massacre attracted dedicated historical interpreters from near and far, with contingents traveling up from Virginia, down from Ticonderoga and from many parts in between. There were scores of impressions on display of the highest caliber, and still there is talk among participants about how to raise the bar for next year's event. It was an honor to be involved with such a well-researched and presented depiction of this moment in history. It was also a hoot.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirA_iYBf8IaTQn42Bm37fEKQijbCqC9xT-KZyhcq9yQAJH-sx0ZyL7HLAa-MiR3kei6DDC66HwSZnlaTGMJ44J2-mLLeiRB772_ZhvMnFJKVO8G7EfJvyrAP84TrDKX4TakwuPb_4Qk9V-/s1600/Massacre+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirA_iYBf8IaTQn42Bm37fEKQijbCqC9xT-KZyhcq9yQAJH-sx0ZyL7HLAa-MiR3kei6DDC66HwSZnlaTGMJ44J2-mLLeiRB772_ZhvMnFJKVO8G7EfJvyrAP84TrDKX4TakwuPb_4Qk9V-/s400/Massacre+5.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Attention to detail: the Regimental Coat of the 29th Foot as issued before the 1768 Royal Warrant</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPK8f9wNkuiGiJ42xrrbSNGU_gT4OUWT37p16XvZkQ0eGKb1r6lds_q_56wHV3M6zLti-e7GQR-Bzsq2rO_RIDLfnbRc8P45AN3Ua8Cv8yV6IK05vZz9dBq7yqf7-xz4BzxHJ9slHLMY2I/s1600/Massacre+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPK8f9wNkuiGiJ42xrrbSNGU_gT4OUWT37p16XvZkQ0eGKb1r6lds_q_56wHV3M6zLti-e7GQR-Bzsq2rO_RIDLfnbRc8P45AN3Ua8Cv8yV6IK05vZz9dBq7yqf7-xz4BzxHJ9slHLMY2I/s400/Massacre+3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Backstage (below stairs) at the Old State House</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3F2U7ysqhhq24L7is_KIVba6hajsUNL-hq_IP-9_PdE-B0sBRKF87q9IkQRqO7VrQE1YTnOL4GcKXzJYZJUx-Q8HL5jpAozlmwJ8KokZcwRuGKQchFJk70UjShyphenhyphenJNv7_bPc5YnZCGTBU/s1600/Massacre+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT3F2U7ysqhhq24L7is_KIVba6hajsUNL-hq_IP-9_PdE-B0sBRKF87q9IkQRqO7VrQE1YTnOL4GcKXzJYZJUx-Q8HL5jpAozlmwJ8KokZcwRuGKQchFJk70UjShyphenhyphenJNv7_bPc5YnZCGTBU/s400/Massacre+4.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">An apprentice and a gentleman of Boston</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKSGU0uJ4_rBhK2LKuaAIA0Jj77VCT6PRDfnHieRr0TZVOLhv0yLJ8vWRe4TwIN6iEjpOlM-zVBKtHLq1p7VikxyoFNFLLAtMl46c_GVO5Pc_z11sWI5Ofw3bEv3NxRlG9JdJDtE9Aq2p/s1600/Massacre+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcKSGU0uJ4_rBhK2LKuaAIA0Jj77VCT6PRDfnHieRr0TZVOLhv0yLJ8vWRe4TwIN6iEjpOlM-zVBKtHLq1p7VikxyoFNFLLAtMl46c_GVO5Pc_z11sWI5Ofw3bEv3NxRlG9JdJDtE9Aq2p/s400/Massacre+13.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Grenadiers of the 29th and a seafaring man</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3uz5grNo8ECAoho26OR_-7r_1D_0Mx1QLLzQQtKqDjz_qPfmmJfnWVNA0A2VX7OgBDlr5i2-rfL31YxVlyEFDEi1MfTkFo3xhYHOHkTify0UHSE1o_GWGMsURKK-PZ0Eg7u4IUD3fKs8a/s1600/massj.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3uz5grNo8ECAoho26OR_-7r_1D_0Mx1QLLzQQtKqDjz_qPfmmJfnWVNA0A2VX7OgBDlr5i2-rfL31YxVlyEFDEi1MfTkFo3xhYHOHkTify0UHSE1o_GWGMsURKK-PZ0Eg7u4IUD3fKs8a/s400/massj.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Drummer of the 29th</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihYEfN4zSo1FD_ebGb02WpCC6OPo68kd-rPJ47SzamZ4APMaPMTtnhKofuhzJp4zQ2_vWNCcKUzIuQKlOHfUrbJ4FtNyAgOIzarmhEmyBN8NepSBWhzE8woMbdg3977j-TmAh9QuNIjGt7/s1600/Massacre+16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihYEfN4zSo1FD_ebGb02WpCC6OPo68kd-rPJ47SzamZ4APMaPMTtnhKofuhzJp4zQ2_vWNCcKUzIuQKlOHfUrbJ4FtNyAgOIzarmhEmyBN8NepSBWhzE8woMbdg3977j-TmAh9QuNIjGt7/s400/Massacre+16.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Captain Preston of the 29th</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl6TAyuq2Jon5y_IO24f30PDdysKsG7g7a96EC-lrRPqQjh5QaCsBCiMpilOhpkvu_2Z0l14dWGDbuqnWiKfAikiT86hA8wNdpEm_NUleslrOapXViEJOND6YXeyEdZAwitJdv_Xn2iNlx/s1600/massq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl6TAyuq2Jon5y_IO24f30PDdysKsG7g7a96EC-lrRPqQjh5QaCsBCiMpilOhpkvu_2Z0l14dWGDbuqnWiKfAikiT86hA8wNdpEm_NUleslrOapXViEJOND6YXeyEdZAwitJdv_Xn2iNlx/s400/massq.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Formation of the guard</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKGQqOOpFXES7cUfuLKwuTf5SUFL_bz53X41-ELWmVNHofIamHw8kGF5kod-rExrvN_v5KzBtq1IZvSCw-AeezGvLwfDUuzH6Vb4eK1p9fUxHkFa73MGzIJvltDrhPdbpsEjg00GyNXd7/s1600/Massacre+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKGQqOOpFXES7cUfuLKwuTf5SUFL_bz53X41-ELWmVNHofIamHw8kGF5kod-rExrvN_v5KzBtq1IZvSCw-AeezGvLwfDUuzH6Vb4eK1p9fUxHkFa73MGzIJvltDrhPdbpsEjg00GyNXd7/s400/Massacre+11.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sentry by the Custom House</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyTBuhnZ_EKTD6iKMMu-rhFRSjrk-hFCw4by-Uc-GbXTvX0R0KNBHsUeitQ8173UJi1J9w0k6l7cRTK_rOydyGlV3wYFtMtuS1vd-XzBVqVpmnyHSa4MfcKjN0HX0nG1MbOE25MshucRjr/s1600/Massacre+10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyTBuhnZ_EKTD6iKMMu-rhFRSjrk-hFCw4by-Uc-GbXTvX0R0KNBHsUeitQ8173UJi1J9w0k6l7cRTK_rOydyGlV3wYFtMtuS1vd-XzBVqVpmnyHSa4MfcKjN0HX0nG1MbOE25MshucRjr/s400/Massacre+10.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Samuel Gray in an uncharacteristically amicable association with a Pve. of the 29th Foot.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPEuT28bqNbYmR_8Kyj0BGYsxBUXfBm71dpWAr5YOBHgiWLGa3p9_abBzBgeCKa-KckYfrXZP_kaSEj2iXTVj0iH83VFvNpzv8BSac3SPgiOgBm0mIItUrJ5nyZvIC-MR2aCDlc2JL6UV-/s1600/Massacre+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPEuT28bqNbYmR_8Kyj0BGYsxBUXfBm71dpWAr5YOBHgiWLGa3p9_abBzBgeCKa-KckYfrXZP_kaSEj2iXTVj0iH83VFvNpzv8BSac3SPgiOgBm0mIItUrJ5nyZvIC-MR2aCDlc2JL6UV-/s400/Massacre+12.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wharf Rats</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr84YFbuPmUpINxoWepyHckrFROFcdVaTVMhRUlU__hY99cOL35b2K3E7qAmumTx7PB3joXLKsmoWOoBg8nlGJvOWcWJNYfEj_jN-L9NrwoIIiGpkpaUalBmzH7UPD2_9PSgi68wETXDm4/s1600/Massacre+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr84YFbuPmUpINxoWepyHckrFROFcdVaTVMhRUlU__hY99cOL35b2K3E7qAmumTx7PB3joXLKsmoWOoBg8nlGJvOWcWJNYfEj_jN-L9NrwoIIiGpkpaUalBmzH7UPD2_9PSgi68wETXDm4/s400/Massacre+6.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At Union Oyster House (1st of several visits this day)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD82LoGUwT-8QyyVKPPWWpIcfed9pzyoDzjxTH2gVlhp1Lx-0GnwX7t7cJ6dYKF9LsrgQnMK0HqmNlR_oKkMZjswYro8A0qLzVSVVlyFGmQao7A1UMnVHnTzv7gFzttIkEk7wx0S6N9ElA/s1600/massn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD82LoGUwT-8QyyVKPPWWpIcfed9pzyoDzjxTH2gVlhp1Lx-0GnwX7t7cJ6dYKF9LsrgQnMK0HqmNlR_oKkMZjswYro8A0qLzVSVVlyFGmQao7A1UMnVHnTzv7gFzttIkEk7wx0S6N9ElA/s400/massn.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">graveside</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0dtxckWQCYun_YsuO_0LOJuSVBqGQtIaon-pWHN3AvrIK__YlqGO2aXNX8CiaOJkrZAQX7d8umKhTDeWliZyhBIYRk8x9ttSfjSR_5CsMCnUarM3scq3wjAvsf-TeV6ob1r089nJb_Chl/s1600/massm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0dtxckWQCYun_YsuO_0LOJuSVBqGQtIaon-pWHN3AvrIK__YlqGO2aXNX8CiaOJkrZAQX7d8umKhTDeWliZyhBIYRk8x9ttSfjSR_5CsMCnUarM3scq3wjAvsf-TeV6ob1r089nJb_Chl/s400/massm.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYbH7vClh4Scag6N0IVncf_-xJTKgn5qdeoc8BZ5ptx8V8oeencFtdPE7IScEUHjPHSY7prIpQ9KUkCDKMvcJRL2bAB1DV33iRtsxJlogZFr-iYlY4-J74QCP_Tfwl-hQDCTFwYRInvT-o/s1600/Massacre+9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYbH7vClh4Scag6N0IVncf_-xJTKgn5qdeoc8BZ5ptx8V8oeencFtdPE7IScEUHjPHSY7prIpQ9KUkCDKMvcJRL2bAB1DV33iRtsxJlogZFr-iYlY4-J74QCP_Tfwl-hQDCTFwYRInvT-o/s400/Massacre+9.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Fallen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUOeQFRnhN8rl1hKrOEc3WD48R_755zUhACVBKVtXbEJjoJQSUUiHOLZ1wO1lgnxXDJ-2aokgNpshzm3FEWGxrKqd-IdrmxsUjjGf6YaufBoZltPkp85MFf26kKbJWJCK4NqKqGG8vfeUa/s1600/massc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUOeQFRnhN8rl1hKrOEc3WD48R_755zUhACVBKVtXbEJjoJQSUUiHOLZ1wO1lgnxXDJ-2aokgNpshzm3FEWGxrKqd-IdrmxsUjjGf6YaufBoZltPkp85MFf26kKbJWJCK4NqKqGG8vfeUa/s400/massc.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Enter, Stage Right</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9piJhhcXqof7T1k7-7xQVrs4pLZK3iYqOA02wQiREV9_3jqzi8a70DUYKhaXvOgHYh2x0c1zKnl4WP4NWZKhfhAFtaTlL49U0tR86zva51pzmaXGCln0gctQNUZXBaxOnkMYdjILWU_F/s1600/masse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW9piJhhcXqof7T1k7-7xQVrs4pLZK3iYqOA02wQiREV9_3jqzi8a70DUYKhaXvOgHYh2x0c1zKnl4WP4NWZKhfhAFtaTlL49U0tR86zva51pzmaXGCln0gctQNUZXBaxOnkMYdjILWU_F/s400/masse.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A dapper fellow</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjNBLo-34VOxznZDoNp_O5GhQRotES2eS-FGewen0LpzOOhaGrW1Cks64Iik3N8dkpzRTB_GJadLXffI70n9y0UBUXA7nyYVZnjS4X3sTS0kHcihKqE-eVV7k7NSXG3oWKP1cwDDz_Np-/s1600/Massacre+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifjNBLo-34VOxznZDoNp_O5GhQRotES2eS-FGewen0LpzOOhaGrW1Cks64Iik3N8dkpzRTB_GJadLXffI70n9y0UBUXA7nyYVZnjS4X3sTS0kHcihKqE-eVV7k7NSXG3oWKP1cwDDz_Np-/s400/Massacre+2.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Samuel Gray at the Old State House</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM1kvJaPMVS6IKx5LmC7QwajovbFC7Eh-pSEcnJPrUPiuL37v0JGOngks0b0zWbZW-9a2tgtttsjLj3A_CZ6xmNbAER5VlfNQs5Ka44_fWhyphenhyphenvipGpLM09MIVfOS2gUM96g9VNPBkr5dzny/s1600/massp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM1kvJaPMVS6IKx5LmC7QwajovbFC7Eh-pSEcnJPrUPiuL37v0JGOngks0b0zWbZW-9a2tgtttsjLj3A_CZ6xmNbAER5VlfNQs5Ka44_fWhyphenhyphenvipGpLM09MIVfOS2gUM96g9VNPBkr5dzny/s400/massp.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lower sorts</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAKIlRh3lwzoc7Jyiv0R3cSJqg3lx_8qdxuC12Q0-TKUEr0hrCEmBNdMvQgqGa9jyLenJbPogS9P-SRnuHhJdaeNbeVjIODPHHfIQjt4SrwAhuMrABu2d40lkg6beeBd3J3PbCNUPyMvbt/s1600/Massacre+15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAKIlRh3lwzoc7Jyiv0R3cSJqg3lx_8qdxuC12Q0-TKUEr0hrCEmBNdMvQgqGa9jyLenJbPogS9P-SRnuHhJdaeNbeVjIODPHHfIQjt4SrwAhuMrABu2d40lkg6beeBd3J3PbCNUPyMvbt/s400/Massacre+15.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Vein Openers</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-57109534751471639772016-02-29T07:56:00.001-08:002016-03-04T07:15:10.033-08:00Being Samuel Gray: Interpreting a Central Figure from the Boston Massacre (Part V and last)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvEY4FtXp6kpaszTp46nTpW6vTr07SvqJ4fuBmPARkX9VTNEQcuIJydG2ukrzUIThGiYZvCgbH2Wf158oFfWqubEEnOjtr8AGKw4LuWyEa67sR_vbbDWXq92vXK7vlqjuE0DGnghQ63tVF/s1600/MassacreOverheaddetail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="411" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvEY4FtXp6kpaszTp46nTpW6vTr07SvqJ4fuBmPARkX9VTNEQcuIJydG2ukrzUIThGiYZvCgbH2Wf158oFfWqubEEnOjtr8AGKw4LuWyEa67sR_vbbDWXq92vXK7vlqjuE0DGnghQ63tVF/s640/MassacreOverheaddetail.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail from a sketch of the Massacre Site attributed to Paul Revere</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
When rope worker Samuel Gray arrived on King-street the second and final time on the night of the Boston Massacre, events had nearly reached a climax. Benjamin Davis, Jr., who was one of the witnesses for the defense, stated during questioning that "<i>I do not suppose he could have got into King Street two minutes before the firing</i>." It was then that he was shot dead in the street, suffering a massive head wound. His fate was recorded in the <i>Boston Gazette and Country Journal</i> a week after the shooting:<br />
<br />
<i>“The Dead are Mr. Samuel Gray, killed on the spot, the ball entering his head and beating off a large portion of the skull…”</i> <br />
<br />
What did Gray do during those final minutes of life? Did he stand by, passively observing with arms folded to keep his hands warm, or did he encourage the members of the crowd to stand firm? Was he unarmed, or did he carry the stick that Davis remembered him having but others claimed he did not? What does the evidence suggest about the clothes he may have worn and precisely when he fell?<br />
<br />
One of the first depositions to mention Gray's actions was given by Charles Hobby, taken on March 20th, 1770 "<i>to perpetuate the remembrance of the thing</i>" and recorded as No. 44 in the Town's <u>Narrative of the Boston Massacre</u>.<br />
<br />
…<i>I saw the mulatto fall, and Mr. Samuel Gray went to look at him, one of the soldiers at a distance of about four to five yards, pointed his piece directly for the said Gray’s head and fired. Mr Gray, after struggling, turned himself right around upon his heel and fell dead. Capt. Preston some time after ordered them to march to the guard-house. I then took up a round hat and followed the people that carried him down to a house near the post office</i>.” <br />
<br />
Thanks to Hobby's recollection, a round hat seems an appropriate choice of head covering for an historical interpretation of Samuel Gray's clothing. Hobby is the only witness who testified that Gray was looking at Attucks lying on the ground when he himself was shot. Others had him falling at about the same time.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Ebenezer
Brigham testified for the prosecution at the trial of the soldiers of the 29th regiment, during which it became clear that Private Matthew Killroy had fired the weapon that killed Gray.<br />
<br />
“<i>I saw Gray fall...He fell in the middle of the street…the gun that killed him
must have been nearer to the Center.</i>”</span><br />
<br />
Watchman Edward G. Langford also testified for the prosecution. He gave a detailed account of Gray's last moments:<br />
<br />
<i>"Samuel Gray, who was shot that night, came and struck me on the
shouldered, and said ‘ Langford, what’s here to pay?’…I looked this man
(pointing to Killroy), in the face, and bid him not fire, but he
immediately fired, and Samuel Gray fell at my feet…"<br /> <br /> Q) "How many guns went off before he fired?"<br /> A) "Two, but I saw nobody fall. Gray fell close to me. I was standing , leaning on my stick.”<br /> Q) "Did Gray say anything to Killroy before he fired?"<br /> A) "He spoke to nobody but me."<br /> Q) "Did he throw any snow-balls?"<br /> A) "No, nor had he any weapon in his hand, he was naked as I am now.”<br /> Q) "Did you see anything thrown?"<br /> A) "No, I saw nothing at all thrown of any kind."<br /> Q) "Was you talking with Gray at the time the gun went off?"<br /> A) "I did not speak with him at that instant, but I had been talking with him several times before that."<br /> Q) "Was you near Gray, that if he had thrown anything you must have seen it?"<br /> A) "Yes, his hands were in his bosom, and immediately after Killroy’s firing, he fell…”<br />...<br /> Q) "Have you any doubt in your mind that it was that gun of Killroy’s that killed Gray?"<br /> A) "No manner of doubt: It must have been it, for there was no other gun discharged at that time…” <br /> Q) After Gray fell, did he (Killroy) thrust at him with his bayonet?<br /> A) "No, it was at me he pushed."<br /> Q) "Did gray say anything to Killroy, or Killroy to him?"<br /> A) "No, not to my knowledge, and I stood close by him."<br /> Q) "Did you perceive Killroy take aim at Gray?"<br /> A) "I did not: He was as liable to kill me as him."</i><br />
<br />
This was crucial evidence for the prosecution, for if it could be shown that Gray was unarmed and not acting in a hostile manner, it supported a charge against Killroy of deliberate murder. For the historical interpreter, it provides a line of dialogue and a pose for Gray to assume before being shot. "His hands were in his bosom" might suggest they were inside an outer garment, perhaps for warmth, or they might have been tucked under his arm pits. Sam Adams later paraphrased Langford's description of Gray, saying "<i>his arms were folded in his bosom</i>." I've tried it both ways, and find it easier and more natural to place my hands across my chest and under my arms than to unbutton a jacket or coat and stick them inside. That is probably the way I will play it this Saturday during the Massacre reenactment.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRkDo5fUiu5w08inubWfOd38F5RIJXODxJT-4sON3b14qRQSO7TvrKpJqkIPDUOLROEUBx1-156De3USLd3YkbiX9fiNy0m1ZJ7mYI8YNCx-Vwxz1olY6PRFzXxdgHNOgnGMoFmt5Oa24Q/s1600/P2070073.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRkDo5fUiu5w08inubWfOd38F5RIJXODxJT-4sON3b14qRQSO7TvrKpJqkIPDUOLROEUBx1-156De3USLd3YkbiX9fiNy0m1ZJ7mYI8YNCx-Vwxz1olY6PRFzXxdgHNOgnGMoFmt5Oa24Q/s320/P2070073.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Samuel Gray, "hands... in his bosom", option 1</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifGHJn6E9a2RURrZoikkmHCS_bniFADKEULir9u3kPsXT2SqBEpSTdDShXXIaRkVykiThOGr2ofRJObp0vxRQy_TdxGrWaZ6CtwJ46SS73o3jAxIN1VrAid9Cc1QclLSr3nX4ic-G3o36R/s1600/P2070071.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifGHJn6E9a2RURrZoikkmHCS_bniFADKEULir9u3kPsXT2SqBEpSTdDShXXIaRkVykiThOGr2ofRJObp0vxRQy_TdxGrWaZ6CtwJ46SS73o3jAxIN1VrAid9Cc1QclLSr3nX4ic-G3o36R/s320/P2070071.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Samuel Gray, "arms folded in his bosom", option 2 (with stick)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->Joseph Hinkley was a witness for the defense, and he described Gray as more actively engaged in the mob:<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><i>"…Samuel Gray, who was shot that night, clapped me on the shoulder, and said do not run, my lad, they dare not fire, and he ran back and forth among the people and clapped others on the back as he did me."<br /> <br /> Q) "Had he anything in his hand?"<br /> A) "I think not: I looked to my left soon after the guns were fired, and saw him on the ground, and with the help of some others, carried him to Dr. Loring’s shop, but could not get in, and left him there."<br /> Q) "Did you see anybody go up to Gray, and thrust at him with a bayonet?"<br /> A) "No I did not see it."<br /> Q) "How near did he fall to the soldiers?"<br /> A) "He was in the middle of the street."<br /> …<br /> Q) "How near was you to Gray?"<br /> A) "About three or four yards distance."</i><br />
<br />
Hinkley's evidence helped John Adams argue that Killroy acted in self defense. According to his version, Gray encouraged the crowd to stand because the soldiers would not shoot without authorization from a higher authority than Captain Preston. <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_9.html" target="_blank">Past experience during the ropewalk brawls </a>and other confrontations may have encouraged this idea, and indeed the "rules of engagement", to use the modern term of art, should have prevented the soldiers from shooting. Hinkley also describes where Gray's body was carried after he was killed, and indeed Dr. Loring's shop was quite near the Post Office on the other side of King-street where Charles Hobby said he had followed the body with the round hat. <br />
<br />
Defense attorney John Adams dismissed the crowd that night as <span class="st">"<i>a motley rabble of saucy boys, negros and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs</i>."
Which of these descriptions fits Samuel Gray, about whom not much more
is known for certain save that <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_19.html" target="_blank">he was a native Bostonian of English stock and a laborer at John Gray's ropewalk</a>? </span><br />
The most famous contemporary engravings of the Massacre by Pelham and Revere depict Gray in jacket and trows<span class="st">ers, clothing
associated both with sailors and with lower class laborers. Aside from
the round hat described by Hobby, Gray might have worn any of the clothing of the period usually associated with those of the lower sort in
Boston or with sailors familiar with rope work. Jackets were very common
among among these groups, as well as linen trowsers, sometimes worn
over breeches and long stockings.</span> There was a foot of snow in the streets on March 5th, 1770, so it is likely that an under jacket was worn as well. <br />
<br />
As to whether Gray had a stick, <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_78.html" target="_blank">only one witness </a>during
the trial proceedings recalled that he had one, and that was young
Benjamin Davis, Jr. who was not at the Massacre site when the shooting
took place. Hinkley, a defense witness, stated that he did not think
Gray had anything in his hand. Langford said that he had no weapon of
any kind, not even a snow ball.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXhABMo6wB3TGvzh_8Ot5Fy93fzo8OedYgbH4PBgVLXTavjkBX4IIS-w-rEqOJGtYrzL5gGGaxDbzqVuu860nlrAu8ohs9j8uLqBRTrDOaNv1K4yuKr1AOmUwq6dsNB3oPNdnvTi8p4j3/s1600/riveres_large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzXhABMo6wB3TGvzh_8Ot5Fy93fzo8OedYgbH4PBgVLXTavjkBX4IIS-w-rEqOJGtYrzL5gGGaxDbzqVuu860nlrAu8ohs9j8uLqBRTrDOaNv1K4yuKr1AOmUwq6dsNB3oPNdnvTi8p4j3/s640/riveres_large.jpg" width="560" /></a></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1uAcIuxetp720GidEqGqv1tiIwjTimK1cJjcfrbRpIbSZpWwBvi9p7oS_D4cywRWT3EJrFq1wFox-QkYZM3NJ1tzlA6iCCzshmt4KWJCEjPnkzvJGgrUegjsf84ysdzXSCUCY1yP1fcQ-/s1600/P2070068.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1uAcIuxetp720GidEqGqv1tiIwjTimK1cJjcfrbRpIbSZpWwBvi9p7oS_D4cywRWT3EJrFq1wFox-QkYZM3NJ1tzlA6iCCzshmt4KWJCEjPnkzvJGgrUegjsf84ysdzXSCUCY1yP1fcQ-/s400/P2070068.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Samuel Gray after Pelham/Revere</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="st"><a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central.html" target="_blank">My interpretation of Samuel Gray</a>, above, is a nod to Revere and makes use of my <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/01/impression-american-merchant-seaman.html" target="_blank">1760-1780 American merchant seaman impression</a>. There will also be a new <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/01/documentation-and-reconstruction-of.html" target="_blank">striped calimanco</a> under jacket, but to see that you'll need to wait for pictures from the upcoming Massacre reenactment, Saturday March 5, 2016.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><br /></span></div>
<br />
Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-4113523427227404772016-02-19T18:43:00.000-08:002016-03-04T07:15:30.355-08:00Being Samuel Gray: Interpreting a Central Figure from the Boston Massacre (Part IV)How did Samuel Gray spend his final hours on Earth? Does his prior
association with the donnybrook at John Gray's Rope-walks suggest he
went out that night on March 5th, 1770 looking for a fight, or did he show up thinking
there was a fire, only to be fired upon himself? Given the anecdotal
and politically motivated testimony that constitutes nearly all the
available evidence, not to mention the confusion during
the climactic moments of the Boston Massacre, there is room for historical
interpretation in either direction, though probably not to either
extreme.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMuihu9F7VMTkyh0g2D5XBpF-QXLT18MJ-vsIAtMobqFFDlLMBPpOJynY648ONp_WAhTzQ4tJuHYTlOu6S2p091IAa5nSA-PZ0JfxAJ7MMZTAolZkSC4gFrc3wLkFGl1ixnNPa1F8r1OX5/s1600/Detail+Oct+1775+Boston+map.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMuihu9F7VMTkyh0g2D5XBpF-QXLT18MJ-vsIAtMobqFFDlLMBPpOJynY648ONp_WAhTzQ4tJuHYTlOu6S2p091IAa5nSA-PZ0JfxAJ7MMZTAolZkSC4gFrc3wLkFGl1ixnNPa1F8r1OX5/s400/Detail+Oct+1775+Boston+map.JPG" width="337" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Detail from an October, 1775 map of Boston</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The map of Boston has changed dramatically
since the events of March 5th, 1770. Even with the benefit of
historical maps, it is hard to trace the route taken by Samuel Gray to
King-street based on sometimes conflicting depositions and trial
testimony. More than that, a researcher will search such contemporary
cartography in vain for streets bearing the names given by witnesses.
There are good reasons why this should be the case, but to provide a
clear explanation requires a more nuanced knowledge of Boston history,
and perhaps also an appreciation of Bostonian character.<br />
<br />
Local
place names die hard. There are still a few long-time residents of
Boston who will direct you to Scollay Square in the old West End that
was obliterated by urban renewal in the 1960s and replaced by the modern
brutalism of Government Center. It will take another generation before
the Mystic Bridge is universally known in Boston as the Tobin Bridge,
though it has carried that name since 1967. The same thing happened to
the streets and lanes in Colonial Boston. It might have been shown on a
1769 map as Atkinson's Street or Leverett's Lane, but everyone in
Boston knew these places as Green's Lane or Quaker-Lane (in the latter
case because the Quaker Meeting House was located there).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQxqUBBojoFIIfule9nCO6qffosmzLWLu0eFU98YM7kHFf8jCl-G8vO1oV0JZDTdTpRPBUiRSxHR618FtSA2ndbOZa1ODZzT4jV1WQ9baRk6MbDPhBnTUw6_BPamL5z9CWUnmX9w1mm-kY/s1600/1760+Boston+fire+detail.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQxqUBBojoFIIfule9nCO6qffosmzLWLu0eFU98YM7kHFf8jCl-G8vO1oV0JZDTdTpRPBUiRSxHR618FtSA2ndbOZa1ODZzT4jV1WQ9baRk6MbDPhBnTUw6_BPamL5z9CWUnmX9w1mm-kY/s400/1760+Boston+fire+detail.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">detail from <i>A Plan of the Town of Boston in New-England<br />Distinguishing that Part which was Burnt in 1760</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Boston had experienced the 18th century version of urban renewal with a devastating <a href="http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=86" target="_blank">1760 fire</a>
that gutted a number of blocks in the South End, including most of the
locations associated with Samuel Gray sightings the night of the
massacre before Gray arrived at King-street. <a href="http://www.bostonfirehistory.org/proclamation1760pownall.pdf" target="_blank">The Great Fire</a>
had started during the night on March 20th, 1760 at a tavern at Cornhill.
Fanned by a Northwest wind, the fire spread out towards the harbor and
consumed nearly everything between the rope-walks and Long
Wharf. About 350 structures and ten sailing vessels were lost during
the 10 hours that the fire raged, making it the worst urban
conflagration in the American colonies up to that date. Among the destroyed buildings was
the Quaker Meeting House that gave Quaker Lane its local name.<br />
<br />
During
the rest of the decade, the burnt-over section of Boston experienced
street reconfigurations as well as rebuilding. Some of the maps of the
town
printed in the late colonial era were based on earlier maps that had not
been altered to reflect subsequent development to the extent that the
printers may have claimed. William Price's wonderful publication - <span class="title"><i>A new plan of ye great town of Boston in New England
in America, with the many additionall buildings, & new streets, to
the year 1769</i> - was in fact heavily derivative of <a href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/11122" target="_blank">Captain John Bonner's 1723 <i>The town of Boston in New England</i> map</a>,
also published by Price. Compare the details from each map, below,
which focus on the areas where Samuel Gray was seen prior to his death
on King-street during the Boston Massacre. Among other things, the 1769 map still shows the 1710 Quaker Meeting house
that was lost in the 1760 fire.</span><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitxOFApPOw0pIVGMy8nHKctP2gsLroke-Veaz3AWGcAiOHD3xqSdhs_-FTRcW8Ke2WFX7FMUDMOj5kbbHL0ZnElS8d5UdbbLvTHSe3cV2yc44phEQnXq-x9GofBSsqoFAkL5mtcGx8ygKu/s1600/Detail+1723.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitxOFApPOw0pIVGMy8nHKctP2gsLroke-Veaz3AWGcAiOHD3xqSdhs_-FTRcW8Ke2WFX7FMUDMOj5kbbHL0ZnElS8d5UdbbLvTHSe3cV2yc44phEQnXq-x9GofBSsqoFAkL5mtcGx8ygKu/s400/Detail+1723.jpg" width="341" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Detail from Bonner Map of Boston by William Price 1723</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoOdtegtvHXpOv-tZrnyjTfHY_KnRRGdvJBgR9Z5nH_8ebkr7_9WIJaYq65vI1TPDyKj_6DArn3ekNQfq5D6Jo6WY-wsDEAXE4pX5dpmpjjwLwUrRLt2mCq0jVspRQrAJlLeV_1hKcI5IP/s1600/Detail+1769.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoOdtegtvHXpOv-tZrnyjTfHY_KnRRGdvJBgR9Z5nH_8ebkr7_9WIJaYq65vI1TPDyKj_6DArn3ekNQfq5D6Jo6WY-wsDEAXE4pX5dpmpjjwLwUrRLt2mCq0jVspRQrAJlLeV_1hKcI5IP/s400/Detail+1769.jpg" width="375" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Detail from William Price Map of Boston 1769</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="title">Let us consider the witness testimony about encounters with Gray <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_9.html" target="_blank">discussed in the previous post</a> in this series. Ropeworker Nicholas Ferriter stated: </span><br />
<span class="title"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--></span><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><i>"On the 5th March I went to Quaker Lane, and met Samuel Gray. I said Where are you going – he said to the fire. I went into King-Street and saw nobody there, the sentry was walking as usual. We agreed to go home. I went towards home, and stopped at the bottom of Long-lane, and while I wa<span class="title"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">s </span></span>there, I heard guns go off. I went to King-street and was told several were killed." </i><br />
<br />
Quaker Lane is identified as Leverts L. on both of the Price maps above, running between King-Street and Milk St. and today part of modern Congress Street. There is an L shaped alley just West of Congress St. and south of State St. that is called Quaker Lane today. <span class="title">Ferriter and Gray would have walked North together to King St. where they parted, with Ferriter retracing his route and then continuing on Long Lane after he crossed Milk St. The bottom of Long Lane (now Federal St.) was at Cow Lane (now part of High St.), and when Ferriter heard the gunfire he went back once more in nearly a straight line from Long Lane to Quaker/Levert's Lane and the Massacre site at</span> King-street.<br /><br />Benjamin Davis, Jr., on the other hand, testified that he met Samuel Gray that same evening but farther from King Street than where Ferriter came upon him:<span class="title"><br /></span><br />
“<i>I went home and staid at the gate in Green’s Lane some time. Samuel Gray (one of the persons killed that night in Kings-Street) came along, and asked where the fire was. I said there was no fire, it was the soldiers fighting. He said Damn it, I am glad of it, I will knock some of them on the head; he ran off, I said to him take heed you do not get killed in the affray yourself, he said do not you fear, damn their bloods</i>.” <br />
<br />
Green's Lane was a local name for what is shown on the maps as Atkinson's St. running close to Long Lane between Milk and Cow St. The rope walks were located on the East side of Green's/Atkinson's,where a section of Modern Congress street lies today.<br />
<br />
Although Ferriter and Davis's statements seem to contradict each other,
they both mention that Gray was out that night because he initially
thought there was a fire. The cause was the untimely ringing of church
bells, the universal fire alarm of the day. The bells started to ring
that night before the confrontation on King-street had attracted more
than a few youths who were taunting a solitary sentry, for another,
seemingly more significant ruckus was underway in front of Murray's
Sugar House on Brattle St. where some of the 29th had their barracks. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-qaZpb19_0d6jESCpRXQmKB2sdZBe0dYtoeOtmB5V-MgdEY8O8JMY8fgt6-Z2V5qWtA5UnPiRYiHXQ9veNuZNtx6J2cmoeo9Fh_ixPpP8lskghFSfEnx6XzRY0lMG5ox_jld3zUz0yiD/s1600/Boston%252C_1775+detail+with+routes.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="636" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx-qaZpb19_0d6jESCpRXQmKB2sdZBe0dYtoeOtmB5V-MgdEY8O8JMY8fgt6-Z2V5qWtA5UnPiRYiHXQ9veNuZNtx6J2cmoeo9Fh_ixPpP8lskghFSfEnx6XzRY0lMG5ox_jld3zUz0yiD/s640/Boston%252C_1775+detail+with+routes.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Approximate routes of Nicholas Ferriter and Samuel Gray, based on Ferreter's <br /> and Benjamin Davis Jr.'s sworn statements(shown on a 1775 map of Boston)</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
If Ferriter and Gray reached King-Street together from Quaker-Lane, it may have been in response to bells that were ringing because of the altercation several blocks away to the north at Murray's Barracks, for Ferriter claimed that nothing was happening when they came upon the sentry at the Custom House. Ferriter did not say that Gray left the scene with him when he returned to Long Lane, but perhaps Gray and he parted at Milk Street, with Gray proceeding along Green's Lane still looking for the fire until he encountered Benjamin Davis, Jr., who was too far from the scene of the growing crisis at the Custom-House to have recent knowledge of it. He might, however, have known about the fighting at Murray's Barracks. <br />
<br />
Perhaps Gray became belligerent once he learned from Davis that the alarm was about "<i>soldiers fighting</i>", and ran back to King-Street where by now there was a greater crowd and Captain Preston and the Guard had since arrived to reinforce the beleaguered sentinel before the Custom-House. Perhaps young Davis was mistaken when he testified that Gray had a stick under his arm, or maybe Gray was by this time carrying a weapon. The one thing that seems likely based on both Ferriter and Davis's statements was that Gray approached King-Street from the South End of Town and his home as well as the rope-walks where he labored may well have been in that section of Boston.<br />
<br />
Plotting Samuel Gray's path risks becoming something akin to a ricocheting bullet if one tries too hard to make such evidence conform to a definitive account. The same is true for conflicting accounts of his behavior once he arrived, without Ferriter this time, in the middle of King-Street where minutes later he would lose his life. We will discuss the evidence for what happened next, including suggestions about how he may have been dressed when he died, and the question once more of whether he was unarmed or carrying a stick, in the next post in this series.<br />
<br />Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-59959045511739437722016-02-19T13:14:00.003-08:002016-02-19T18:46:25.104-08:00Being Samuel Gray: Interpreting a Central Figure from the Boston Massacre (Part III)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7dg2a6utqua13QKOofDeF5YqLUc8YCEHxqL7RsEfAQNX3MY96A4XJnhBbENjsZJ_18ewuUnNUh7AbpSQKJOLow57z1ZhdPmXHZV8pPdbGuPsNmrUEJyQkNXY0u7xzkY2SG_DPGemU0_ZW/s1600/Pelham+Massacre+detail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7dg2a6utqua13QKOofDeF5YqLUc8YCEHxqL7RsEfAQNX3MY96A4XJnhBbENjsZJ_18ewuUnNUh7AbpSQKJOLow57z1ZhdPmXHZV8pPdbGuPsNmrUEJyQkNXY0u7xzkY2SG_DPGemU0_ZW/s400/Pelham+Massacre+detail.jpg" width="383" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Detail from Henry Pelham's 1770 engraving of the Boston Massacre</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On March 2nd and 3rd, 1770, several escalating conflicts took place in Boston's South End between British soldiers and laborers at John Gray's rope manufacturing complex. Samuel Gray is said to have been one of these rope workers who played a notable part in these brawls, possibly even fighting with the same soldier who would later shoot him dead just days later during the Boston Massacre. Gray's actions in those earlier conflicts became an important legal question during the trial of the soldiers of the 29th regiment after the shooting on King-street, because a claim of self defense could be made if the shooter felt that his life had been previously threatened, while a charge of deliberate murder could be asserted if instead it was shown to be targeted revenge.<br />
<br />
Needless to say, depositions were used for propaganda purposes by Tory's and Sons of Liberty alike.<br />
One of the statements included in the pro-government document "<a href="https://archive.org/stream/cihm_20439#page/n7/mode/2up" target="_blank"><u>A Fair Account of the late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston in New England"</u></a> infers that Gray was a premeditated aggressor:<br />
<br />
“…<i>on the second and third of March, last, before the general assault of the fifth, one Gray, and another person, both rope makers, met an acquaintance of mine, an high son of liberty, and told him that they expected to die to-morrow, they did not care how soon, as it was in a good cause, for that they, as well as several of their profession, with the assistance of some noted North-End bruisers, were determined the following day to attack the soldiers. That they (the ropemakers) were well prepared, and certain there would be bloody work; and concluded with asking him whether he would not attend as a spectator, advising him to arm himself in case of the worst, that Gray and his companion were both of them armed with desperate bludgeons…</i>”<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /> </span> - <br />
- deposition of Thomas Pryce (No. 97) April 22, 1770<br />
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->Pryce considered Samuel Gray a "worthless fellow", though his loyal bias in favor of the soldiers is clear. If the radicals are to be believed, Gray was a peaceful man who arrived at King-street with neither a weapon nor in anger. Sam Adams, writing on December 31, 1770 to the <i>Boston Gazette</i> under the pseudonym VINDEX, claimed that on the night of the shooting, <br />
<br />
"<i>Mr. Gray...was at his own house the whole of the Evening, saving his going to a neighbour's house to borrow the News-Paper of the day and returning; He went out on the ringing of the bells; and altho' a child swore in Court, that he saw him with a stick, after the bells rang, yet another witness saw him before he got into King-Street without a stick; others saw him in King-Street and testified that he had no stick; and when he was shot, the Witness at whose feet he fell, declared, as is mentioned in a former Paper, that he had no stick, and his arms were folded in his bosom, so that it is probable, the young witness mistook the person</i>."<br />
<br />
John Adams, who defended Captain Preston and the <a href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/rare-books/pdf/john_adams_1824_version.pdf" target="_blank">soldiers of the 29th regiment at their separate trials</a>, also references Samuel Gray's activities prior to the Massacre in a summary address.<br />
<br />
"<i>Some of the witnesses, have sworn that Gray was active in the battle at the Rope-walks, and that [Private] Killroy was once there, from whence the counsel for the Crown would infer, that Killroy; in King-street, on the 5th of March in the night, knew Gray whom he had seen at the Rope-walks before, and took that opportunity to gratify his preconceived malice; but if this is all true, it will not take away from him his justification, excuse or extenuation, if he had any. The rule of the law is, if there has been malice between two, and at a distant time afterwards they meet, and one of them assaults the other's life, and he kills in consequence of it, the law presumes the killing was in self defense, or upon the provocation not on account of the antecedent malice</i>."<br />
<br />
Based in part on this legal nicety, Private Killroy, whose shot according to the March 12,1770 <i>Boston Gazette </i>account of the Massacre "<i>killed [Gray] on the spot, the ball entering his head and beating off a large portion of the skull…</i>”, was found not guilty of murder but only of manslaughter.<br />
<br />
Fellow rope worker Nicholas Ferriter, who testified as a prosecution witness that he himself had been involved in the initial dust up on March 2nd at John Gray's warehouse, offered further evidence of Samuel Gray's lack of militant behavior on the night of the Massacre:<br /><br /> “<i>…On the 5th March I went to Quaker Lane, and met Samuel Gray. I said Where are you going – he said to the fire. I went into King-Street and saw nobody there, the sentry was walking as usual. We agreed to go home. I went towards home, and stopped at the bottom of Long-lane, and while I was there, I heard guns go off. I went to King-street and was told several were killed. The then went home. Samuel Gray, when I saw him that night, was quite calm, and had no stick</i>.”<br /><br />In contrast, Benjamin Davis, Jr. testified for the prosecution that when he encountered Gray that night the rope worker had belligerent intent:<i><br /><br />“I went home and staid at the gate in Green’s Lane some time. Samuel Gray (one of the persons killed that night in Kings-Street) came along, and asked where the fire was. I said there was no fire, it was the soldiers fighting. He said Damn it, I am glad of it, I will knock some of them on the head; he ran off, I said to him take heed you do not get killed in the affray yourself, he said do not you fear, damn their bloods.”</i><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->In response to follow up questions by the prosecutor, young Davis stated that Samuel Gray did indeed have a stick under his arm at that time, and that "<i>I do not suppose he could have got into King Street two minutes before the firing.</i>"<br />
<br />
Is it possible to reconcile the statements of Ferriter and Davis? One explanation may lie in the route that Samuel Gray took to King-Street and what was happening at the time. We will explore <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_78.html" target="_blank">the conundrums of 18th century Boston's geography</a> in a subsequent post in this series.Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-27856648486491758792016-02-19T09:14:00.000-08:002016-02-19T18:45:03.396-08:00Being Samuel Gray: Interpreting a Central Figure from the Boston Massacre (Part II)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIiReCVh3QTq5j-4DyYk2RWcXowvh2ZQPb15mDDpWxOqpduGCmWy5KQpL-irEkUiub0lHVmItLqp7xRLvs4sFWGX6RUgIxWU18GjXSd0P5hj2dmOckRvqPIc4cAePHnXvIQbPdW60twgg/s1600/Funeral+detail+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTIiReCVh3QTq5j-4DyYk2RWcXowvh2ZQPb15mDDpWxOqpduGCmWy5KQpL-irEkUiub0lHVmItLqp7xRLvs4sFWGX6RUgIxWU18GjXSd0P5hj2dmOckRvqPIc4cAePHnXvIQbPdW60twgg/s400/Funeral+detail+2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail from the account of the funeral procession, <br />
<i>Boston Gazette and Country Journal</i>, March 12, 1770</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Who was Samuel Gray? What evidence do we have for his family background, or any blood relationship to John Gray his employer? The only contemporaneous mention of another family member is found in
the March 12, 1770 <i>Boston Gazette and Country Journal</i> account of Gray's funeral procession, above, which states that his
brother was a Benjamin Gray who lived very near the Massacre site on what
was then known as Royal-Exchange Lane. <br />
<br />
There were several Gray families at this time Boston - a town of less than than 16,000 souls - and not all of them shared a common ancestor. There are<a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RlJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=boston+marriage+Benjamin+Gray+1761&source=bl&ots=bip8HxdowX&sig=jCOWqc1t9aBORAb0wDMCAL58nN4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi08JCZ8YPLAhVIXh4KHdbCC9oQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=Gray&f=false" target="_blank"> Boston marriage records</a> from the 1750s and 1760s for a number of Grays, including some named Samuel, Benjamin and John. There were also members of Gray families in neighboring communities who came to Boston in the 1770s. One of these, Winthrop Gray of Lynn, became the owner in 1781 of the no-longer-Royal "Exchange" tavern on what is now Exchange Street.<br />
<br />
Although Samuel Gray was claimed in the aftermath of the Massacre as one of the Town's own rather than a stranger, it is not easy to substantiate characterizations made about his Boston connections. The radical leader Samuel Adams, writing as "VINDEX" in a letter published in The <i>Boston Gazette and Country Journal</i> on December 31, 1770, claimed that "<i>Mr. Gray was of a good family</i>", but researchers have been unable to clearly connect him with the most prominent Grays of Boston. <br />
<br />
It is known that Samuel Gray worked at John Gray's rope-walk. He is alleged in loyalist accounts (and in John Adams summation in defense of the soldiers of the 29th Regiment) to have been involved in brawling with British soldiers in the vicinity of the rope-walk just days before the Massacre. Captain Preston, who commanded the detachment of the 29th that ultimately fired on the crowd at the Massacre, <a href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/bostonmassacre/prestontrialexcerpts.html">confused Samuel Gray in his deposition</a> with Gray's employer, stating that one of the three men shot dead was "<i>Mr. Gray at whose rope-walk the prior quarrels took place</i>."<br />
<br />
While Samuel Gray's pedigree remains unconfirmed, much more is known about John Gray. He was the seventh and last child of the Edward Gray (1673 - 1757) and his first wife Susannah Harrison. Edward Gray was an immigrant success story, arriving in Boston as an apprentice rope maker in 1686. On his death in 1757 <a href="https://archive.org/stream/graygenealogybei00raym/graygenealogybei00raym_djvu.txt" target="_blank">he left an estate valued at <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--></a><a href="https://archive.org/stream/graygenealogybei00raym/graygenealogybei00raym_djvu.txt" target="_blank"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">£</span></span></span>5,500</a>, including ten slaves and his own rope making business. He left the rope-walks - <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">seven hundred and forty-four feet
in length, by twenty or more feet wide -</span></span> to his son John by a will dated February 12, 1753 (witnessed by James Otis), which also included "<i>a brick warehouse adjoining, with yarn houses, knotting house, dwelling house and land...valued at <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">£</span></span></span>1</span>,000</i><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->." <br />
<br />
John Gray was born in 1713, the year his mother died. He married late in life and had no surviving issue. His first wife was Mary Otis, daughter of James Otis, Sr. and sister of Mercy Otis Warren and James Otis, Jr. John and Mary were married in Barnstable in 1761, but she died two years later. Her husband had at least one mourning ring made in her memory, <a href="http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=2324&pid=3" target="_blank">one of which is in the collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society</a>, along with <a href="http://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=2323&pid=28" target="_blank">another for their newborn son John</a> who predeceased Mary by two months. The MHS also holds this striking portrait, below, made of her in 1763 by Copley.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1mNX_WsYl2HADAclPboEv2ocBkWTBcAd8d2GtIAcgTQweUTa4bdpX75Asir9zoBBzsupzS0fr6jpShiEQ-L9oxdL8q3IIByUmnDS_EWZNw-jKjwLpYVYp5nt-1WJvhi6x-5t1jlkG-mA/s1600/Mary+Otis+Gray.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg1mNX_WsYl2HADAclPboEv2ocBkWTBcAd8d2GtIAcgTQweUTa4bdpX75Asir9zoBBzsupzS0fr6jpShiEQ-L9oxdL8q3IIByUmnDS_EWZNw-jKjwLpYVYp5nt-1WJvhi6x-5t1jlkG-mA/s320/Mary+Otis+Gray.png" width="261" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Mary Otis Gray by John Singleton Copley, 1763 (MHS)</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In addition to John Gray, Edward Gray had six other children by Susannah Harrison, including Harrison Gray, who became Receiver-General of Massachusetts and was a loyalist who ultimately left Boston in 1776. Edward had five more children with his second wife, Hannah Ellis, who died in 1726. One of the sons of Edward Gray and Hannah Ellis was named Benjamin, who
married Mary Blanchard, a distant collateral relation of mine, in 1761.
<br />
<br />
None of the children of Edward Gray in either marriage was named Samuel, and it does not appear to be a name used by this branch of the family. It is extremely unlikely, then, that Samuel Gray was any relation to John Gray who owned the rope-walk. There was a Samuel Gray in another Boston family who was in 1738 to Samuel and Sarah (Emmons) Gray, but he died in 1784.<br />
<br />
As for the Benjamin Gray who lived "<i>on the North side the Exchange</i>", he too remains an enigma. A Mr. Benjamin Gray was among four <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SIRLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=Benjamin+Gray+Boston+1774&source=bl&ots=bOyvYeNoBd&sig=qiAOxhj5iYvVWAzQgfQszpZgym4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMjcuTnITLAhWKNj4KHbRBB9AQ6AEIKTAC#v=onepage&q=Benjamin%20Gray%20&f=false" target="_blank">Collectors of Taxes</a> elected during consecutive years at Boston Town Meetings from 1771-1774. An audit of the Treasury in November, 1776 found that through March, 1775, <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">£1,529 was still due from these <span style="font-family: inherit;">Collectors of Taxes, including </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">£345 from this Benjamin Gray. <span style="font-family: inherit;">The deli<span style="font-family: inherit;">nquent collector</span></span> may have been<span style="font-family: inherit;"> the </span>same man who was h<span style="font-family: inherit;">alf brother<span style="font-family: inherit;"> to</span> John Gra<span style="font-family: inherit;">y, or he may have been the <span style="font-family: inherit;">individual who th<span style="font-family: inherit;">e <i>Boston Gazette</i> identified as the </span></span>brother of Samuel Gray. <span style="font-family: inherit;">He cannot have been both<span style="font-family: inherit;">, and <span style="font-family: inherit;">he </span>might be an entirely different man altogether. <br /><br />Until additional evidence comes to light, the best we can say with confidence about Samuel Gray is that he was a laborer at a rope-walk owned by John Gray but it is hi<span style="font-family: inherit;">ghly unlikely that they w<span style="font-family: inherit;">ere related. As for <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_9.html" target="_blank">his "anti-occupation" <span style="font-family: inherit;">activities</span> </a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_9.html" target="_blank">prior to the Massacre</a>, his <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_78.html" target="_blank">journey to King-</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_78.html" target="_blank">Street</a><span style="font-family: inherit;"> the night of March <span style="font-family: inherit;">5</span>th, and his actions<span style="font-family: inherit;"> before the soldiers fired, we will examine the evidence in subsequent posts in this series.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-42223643761504517032016-02-11T08:54:00.000-08:002016-02-19T18:45:35.783-08:00Being Samuel Gray: Interpreting a Central Figure from the Boston Massacre (Part I)"<i>Building an event, even one that recreates an actual moment in the past,
is as much as work of theatre or fiction as it is of fact: character
development, motivations, costuming, setting, all of those combine with
the documented words to create a scene that conveys an interpretive
point for the public. It’s similar to a museum exhibition– it’s
interpreted.</i>" <br />
- "<a href="http://kittycalash.com/" target="_blank">Kitty Calash</a>"<br />
<br />
I am fortunate to have been offered the chance to depict Samuel Gray during next month's annual reenactment of the Boston Massacre. Meticulous scholarship on the part of the organizers - a true labor of love - has gone into making
this annual interpretive event a faithful and authentic representation of the actual participants and their actions on March 5th, 1770. <br />
<br />
Samuel Gray was one of the members of the crowd, gathering on King-street that night, who was subsequently killed when soldiers of the 29th Regiment of Foot opened fire. As such, he became a central actor in the story of the Massacre and its retelling, to be upheld by contemporary patriots as an early martyr to the cause of American liberty. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwt6nQU9TvwVpWnGyaJ9-H_aTIWdkG61DIZv0TDXVgM6Tarqf2LZK4hyd_pNhleoPMO4Mc_e3vqpf4EU8MU24djkxIY_Q2vhXLuiQlyEoRIRokpxWeRRuyITC0_nsKHDmHLq1nZeZ96KhK/s1600/gray+coffin.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwt6nQU9TvwVpWnGyaJ9-H_aTIWdkG61DIZv0TDXVgM6Tarqf2LZK4hyd_pNhleoPMO4Mc_e3vqpf4EU8MU24djkxIY_Q2vhXLuiQlyEoRIRokpxWeRRuyITC0_nsKHDmHLq1nZeZ96KhK/s400/gray+coffin.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Boston Gazette and Country Journal, Monday March 12, 1770</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Along with Gray, two other men were killed outright and eight more wounded (two of them mortally). Chances are, unless you have made a particular study of it, the one name that is familiar to you is Crispus Attucks, whose memory as an historic figure of African (and Natick Native American) descent would have particular relevance and significance for later generations. Gray and the other casualties, though, have generally faded from modern memory. <br />
<br />
His part in the script is simple enough. Gray arrives on the scene just minutes before the soldiers fire, speaks a few words to one of the Town watchmen, folds his arms to warm his hands, and is shot in the head at close range when the first muskets go off. There is good evidence to support this narrative trajectory and the organizers have made a defensible interpretive choice. Yet there could have been alternative interpretations based on other conflicting accounts. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-AWXPX6ljAVs0cLredqoPMjNhVdEpE2YykCiggoa1Xpz7Yq8eJs17G7JdgXwyLUTBqViTOl-eDE2yCVaJV_o0EuqsI4GgWXmE5jOIh_1tPiF4v4oUExe8PZtxxTyM7Cj6PU9sZGiPQiJo/s1600/Jon+T+Mulliken+NewburyPort.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-AWXPX6ljAVs0cLredqoPMjNhVdEpE2YykCiggoa1Xpz7Yq8eJs17G7JdgXwyLUTBqViTOl-eDE2yCVaJV_o0EuqsI4GgWXmE5jOIh_1tPiF4v4oUExe8PZtxxTyM7Cj6PU9sZGiPQiJo/s640/Jon+T+Mulliken+NewburyPort.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Revere/b6.htm" target="_blank"><i>Detail from a Jonathan Mulliken engraving, after Revere</i></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Because Samuel Gray was slain that night, there is a considerable amount of near-contemporaneous documentation - largely in the form of depositions and transcripts of sworn trial testimony - that concerns him personally. The murder charge brought against the soldiers of the guard hinged, in part, on whether Gray was targeted deliberately and also whether he offered sufficient provocation for their actions to constitute self defense. Not surprisingly, the evidence on these points offered by witnesses for the prosecution is contradicted by other witnesses for the defense. <br />
<br />
Such accounts require critical assessment and have implications for historical interpretation. Often it is a question of understanding what the surviving documentation helps to clarify and when additional confirmation is needed before a fact can be asserted with confidence. Regarding the earliest published images of the Massacre, one of the organizers of the event advised me in a personal communication; <span class="_5yl5"><br /><br /><i>"Pelham and Revere shouldn't be taken as an exact representation. But I do very strongly believe that they can both be counted on for what clothing looked like in 1770."</i></span><br />
<br />
Next month's Boston Massacre reenactment is not "The Samuel Gray Show". Be that as it may, the actor in me needs to understand the motivation and backstory of my
character, while the historian in me cannot resist digging deeper into the
evidence. To do my part with fidelity and to remain in character when interpreting for the public, there are some <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_19.html" target="_blank">questions about Samuel Gray's background</a>, what he may have worn, and his activities both <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_9.html" target="_blank">prior to March 5th</a> and also<a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/being-samuel-gray-interpreting-central_78.html" target="_blank"> on the night </a>that he lost his life that need to be considered. We will discuss and evaluate the available evidence that may help provide some answers in subsequent posts.Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-31989302819214772042016-02-03T10:24:00.001-08:002016-09-28T07:41:08.147-07:00What's In My (Conjectural) 18th Century Sailor's Ditty Bag?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5NVrIZYq-JeRrj5BVI-vpAPFY2WH1iRxFzudyCpy8Lo5XVfJZa6ZY1Ahx6E7KAV0ztEK4vkjQFUW14PcRHM8nTGjQgQ6TaKLQqmj8xenjzim2V2RtpNdBbk6PcGP3-mWdwVwCHV2zw8tW/s1600/Sail+Maker+Pallas+Bray+album+1774.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5NVrIZYq-JeRrj5BVI-vpAPFY2WH1iRxFzudyCpy8Lo5XVfJZa6ZY1Ahx6E7KAV0ztEK4vkjQFUW14PcRHM8nTGjQgQ6TaKLQqmj8xenjzim2V2RtpNdBbk6PcGP3-mWdwVwCHV2zw8tW/s640/Sail+Maker+Pallas+Bray+album+1774.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1774 watercolor by 2nd Lt. <a href="http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/200903.html" target="_blank">Gabriel Bray</a> of the 44-gun <i>"Pallas"</i>, Captain the Hon. William Cornwallis commanding</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The hand tools of the rigger and sail maker remained remarkably similar
from the mid -18th century to the dawn of the 20th. The industrial
revolution would eventually produce innovations in cotton sailcloth
manufacture, machine sewing and metal grommet construction. The folk
art embellishments found on some of the items used by sailors on wooden
ships unquestionably reached their highest artistic development during
the 1800s. Nonetheless, the basic tools of the sailor, the materials
from which they were made, and their general forms and functions,
carried right through this last great age of sail.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUxNH7xDlgm307i7UISXk0WhD242BeModgTrvCVj5YrLeSwt3vWsyNvBeVbpmiNlfYRMcWkOcR8llAa-ZT_tv2l6R9Vyljq47yKJoJ61uNJr3UQn0BAZQpJUfkfEea3xpEaoRwEAtAqcmB/s1600/Ditty+Bag+Contents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUxNH7xDlgm307i7UISXk0WhD242BeModgTrvCVj5YrLeSwt3vWsyNvBeVbpmiNlfYRMcWkOcR8llAa-ZT_tv2l6R9Vyljq47yKJoJ61uNJr3UQn0BAZQpJUfkfEea3xpEaoRwEAtAqcmB/s400/Ditty+Bag+Contents.jpg" width="336" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My reconstructed ditty bag with antique, original sailor items</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
A sailor kept a variety of small tools and personal
items in his ditty bag. Most of these tools were primitive but highly
functional - even quite beautiful - and often made by the same individual
who used them. Some, like seam rubbers and serving mallets, had highly
specialized uses for sail making or rigging, while others were more
versatile. I carry tools for both of these shipboard occupations in my ditty bag.<br />
<br />
Selecting the right contents for <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/reconstructed-18th-century-sailors.html" target="_blank">my conjectural 18th-century sailor's ditty bag</a> required additional
research. This was less a question of identifying the sail making and
rigging tools typically used by sailors on wooden ships and carried in their
ditty bags or other small containers, but of <a href="http://maritime.org/doc/steel/index.htm" target="_blank">what forms and designs were appropriate for the mid to late 18th century</a>. There is also the considerable challenge of finding
original items, or fabricating new ones, that are appropriate for this
earlier era even if of a later provenance. Some are rare, some are quite expensive, and most of these nautical antiques on the market today date from the 19th rather than 18th century.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg84yyMQXw886vWchBJqfgV41u__VtKrJfvtX4Ca0g6m0iKqe5uVynKpwzsa-PsnSlspiG18RdZfYRcwB9UC5EgijEia5rajAr-CQN0QsV2Yaa8zEseXP0uYkZXk3qs4-zEdzH4ABwk4FaN/s1600/Ditty+Bag+Southhold+LI.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg84yyMQXw886vWchBJqfgV41u__VtKrJfvtX4Ca0g6m0iKqe5uVynKpwzsa-PsnSlspiG18RdZfYRcwB9UC5EgijEia5rajAr-CQN0QsV2Yaa8zEseXP0uYkZXk3qs4-zEdzH4ABwk4FaN/s400/Ditty+Bag+Southhold+LI.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">19th century Ditty Bag and contents: <a href="http://www.southoldhistoricalsociety.org/#%21lh-ditty-bag/c72f" target="_blank">Southold Historical Society</a>, Long Island</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwIAzQVRHYXGLFu9w65cmXlknjtql-pDIuAX56U3FjJDLIsa07a7gnfSjDq0pyLeNZSwkZiW6OCM7bxkBxo3xxBZeSgLNheLZjP3cvAGL4iOMtCPumZn8I4E0oNNTtiJZ7L5KSUvHoRtRD/s1600/Ditty+Bag+and+Contents+Maine+Maritime+Museum.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwIAzQVRHYXGLFu9w65cmXlknjtql-pDIuAX56U3FjJDLIsa07a7gnfSjDq0pyLeNZSwkZiW6OCM7bxkBxo3xxBZeSgLNheLZjP3cvAGL4iOMtCPumZn8I4E0oNNTtiJZ7L5KSUvHoRtRD/s400/Ditty+Bag+and+Contents+Maine+Maritime+Museum.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ditty Bag and contents: <a href="http://here4now.typepad.com/here4now/2013/09/maine-maritime-museum.html" target="_blank">Maine Maritime Museum</a>, Topsham ME</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-0Vc34n2nfnZ4oiEq3eK57d1gC4HGCUNKrYskFMEoDh4K8yQUh1bePn5XEM_cnDn7UveoKHHpVmNXAs5X8PGGLQqtkfmriePXAcMtib0Fx4vXW_ik4D_pzzIQxY-nYzFlTHlxWHij2ScQ/s1600/P8080079.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-0Vc34n2nfnZ4oiEq3eK57d1gC4HGCUNKrYskFMEoDh4K8yQUh1bePn5XEM_cnDn7UveoKHHpVmNXAs5X8PGGLQqtkfmriePXAcMtib0Fx4vXW_ik4D_pzzIQxY-nYzFlTHlxWHij2ScQ/s400/P8080079.JPG" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Later Ditty Bag and contents, Mystic Seaport Museum</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
During the 18th and early 19th centuries,
most of the tools or containers carried in a sailor's bag were made from
organic materials - hardwoods, bone, horn, leather and hemp. Aside
from the legal and ethical issues associated with ivory possession today, sailor tools or boxes
made from whalebone would have been extremely uncommon in the American
merchant service between 1760-1780, except perhaps from Nantucket with its advanced and specialized whale oil economy. Metals
such as iron and high carbon steel, highly vulnerable to the effects of
oxidation in the marine environment, had limited application for
needles, forged hooks and knives. Tin or brass may also have been used for
the thimbles of leather palms in this period, as they would be later. <br />
<br />
Here is a brief summary of the smaller sailor tools that were likely in use during in the period of <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/01/impression-american-merchant-seaman.html" target="_blank">my merchant sailor impression between 1760-1780</a>, and images of what I currently carry in my ditty bag:<br />
<br />
<b><u>Fids & Bodkins</u></b><br />
<br />
Wooden or bone fids and bodkins are
nearly always among the contents of old ditty bags. Fids are blunt tipped cones of various lengths, usually
lathe turned, and used to
separate rope stands or "marl" when splicing. Usually these are of wood, though later they were sometimes
made of whalebone. I have a plain, 12" vintage hardwood fid in my ditty bag.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN9jWPO9Gsugqa3zfQWvDtrTWhvV8p7ickc3BJi5tI1yd5qTYvr5FeDc98T3G6PS_zKZWAQXPc5VYJjSFTvJBPEdUKojiVt3Uv7xlCavvyXb-Swlkl6Byy3X7nHGIXGfgsMCUtiTbdhJFp/s1600/bodkin+and+fid.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN9jWPO9Gsugqa3zfQWvDtrTWhvV8p7ickc3BJi5tI1yd5qTYvr5FeDc98T3G6PS_zKZWAQXPc5VYJjSFTvJBPEdUKojiVt3Uv7xlCavvyXb-Swlkl6Byy3X7nHGIXGfgsMCUtiTbdhJFp/s400/bodkin+and+fid.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">vintage hardwood fid, modern bovine bone bodkin, modern beeswax square</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Iron marlinespikes, used for the same purpose as fids, are <a href="http://www.whalingmuseum.org/explore/collections/database/search-objects" target="_blank">documented in mid-19th century nautical collections</a> and might also date from this early period - the word came to recorded English in the early
17th century - but from a practical standpoint they are apt to punch
through all but the heaviest canvas ditty bags so I have neatly
sidestepped the question of their definitive provenance for this
impression. They became much more common as steel cables and ultimately synthetics replaced hemp fiber rope. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.whalingmuseum.org/explore/collections/database/search-objects" target="_blank">Bodkins</a> are very small awls made of bone or pointed
wood that are used for needle hitching and other fine sewing and splicing tasks. Riggers made use of them and probably sail makers as well. I
have a very small bodkin of modern manufacture made from cow bone which
was very useful in splicing hemp cord marline through ditty bag
grommets.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-Uw_vWVcRcXJLc8gButzY7u9pRpwzSI8UNTDkzf0sr7bURQG3bUnjMbS57y8vHLF46XAF4_tgGZa8AR67AgoYmmqbOjWbNpxI2FFohKx9kAGl4OF_VIdUma48MkGtxvXPIHlwTvsYAkq/s1600/bodkin.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO-Uw_vWVcRcXJLc8gButzY7u9pRpwzSI8UNTDkzf0sr7bURQG3bUnjMbS57y8vHLF46XAF4_tgGZa8AR67AgoYmmqbOjWbNpxI2FFohKx9kAGl4OF_VIdUma48MkGtxvXPIHlwTvsYAkq/s400/bodkin.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">modern 3" bovine bone fid</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<u><b>Needles & Needle Cases</b></u><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0kpSbU-KixI21eX3rZsCMKGxoPtSAEed2_GvzuuI0LqsEbQY8r4QCoeSxI9WYzaAX84gtM3LNjiLgtjxnOzDPaD1NNyVQbJDZkz2yJm3MAKjUWT6Ec1KHu1B5_LeeMqaU6B4rB9oGEEWV/s1600/P2030020.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0kpSbU-KixI21eX3rZsCMKGxoPtSAEed2_GvzuuI0LqsEbQY8r4QCoeSxI9WYzaAX84gtM3LNjiLgtjxnOzDPaD1NNyVQbJDZkz2yJm3MAKjUWT6Ec1KHu1B5_LeeMqaU6B4rB9oGEEWV/s400/P2030020.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My original, hitched needle case with its curved needle and a more recent one<br />
(from Vinalhaven, Maine)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdBnsci0qBnHJAC-AybEe_-XgB2ZA1AQ4R22PdTBVJYXaBhKoG6qiVvbXGv5jjRFn8k7FgLNzW0rrz02hd3YjFa8wwV-w380QE6HERKmlAu63YiJkaXzIXt-0ZeVTFKrqOQ4Z58a83A_fI/s1600/P1210002.JPG"></a>Iron and later steel needles were indispensable at sea. Steel needles used for sail making today have tapered and flattened ends and very sharp points for piercing heavy canvas: mine are from Wm. Smith & Son, Reddich, England. Sail maker's needles come in different sizes and some historic examples are also curved, such as the one in the image, above that came with the needle case. I'm not sure which of these innovations might have been available to sail makers in the 1760-1780 era and have not made a comprehensive study of them. <br />
<br />
Keeping needles in a rust and mildew proof container was essential at sea, and there were several types of these used during the last great age of sail. Probably among the oldest, but used by sail makers right into the 20th century, was the grease horn. these were tips of ox horn, sometimes with a small leather thong to attach it to a sail maker's bench, containing iron needles impaled in tallow. These are more practical for use on land but are sometimes found in association with ditty bags. My original horn with its tallow and needles may be seen in the image of my ditty bag contents at the top of this post.<br />
<br />
The other type consist of hollowed out wooden tubes with fitted end caps, usually lathe turned and sometimes covered in needle grafted or hitched macrame twine coated with tar. I
own two antique examples, one of each style, though I believe the style
unhitched wooden needle case is more appropriate from the mid 19th
century on based on. While they were in concurrent use during much of
the 19th century, there is <a href="http://www.frayedknotarts.com/antiques1.html" target="_blank"> provenance for a needle hitched cane needle case</a> dating from the very early 1800s and possibly earlier. More recent examples are hitched in cotton twine rather than linen or hemp, but it is very hard to tell the difference under the tar. Mine is an unusual variant with a wider area of decorative needle grafted macrame below the hand whittled end cap, and comes from an old collection in Vinalhaven, Maine. It is much larger than the mid to late 19th century example of a turned and decorated wooden needle case, also pictured below. For my 1760-1780 impression, the larger needle hitched one is probably as good as it it gets.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdBnsci0qBnHJAC-AybEe_-XgB2ZA1AQ4R22PdTBVJYXaBhKoG6qiVvbXGv5jjRFn8k7FgLNzW0rrz02hd3YjFa8wwV-w380QE6HERKmlAu63YiJkaXzIXt-0ZeVTFKrqOQ4Z58a83A_fI/s1600/P1210002.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdBnsci0qBnHJAC-AybEe_-XgB2ZA1AQ4R22PdTBVJYXaBhKoG6qiVvbXGv5jjRFn8k7FgLNzW0rrz02hd3YjFa8wwV-w380QE6HERKmlAu63YiJkaXzIXt-0ZeVTFKrqOQ4Z58a83A_fI/s320/P1210002.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">original needle cases</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<u><b>Cord, Twine and Beeswax<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTFjiWvNNm7b0kXdeDcxOFWH0ZJDr02xKtA9bLIC_pTW3ePq_gfuLvEbElFQMe9viIh3LFNeP3XNRV-laybLI3uorORlhw3LhldzNQHQ-XXfDhIk1cjnkhRwZeSib2Rhz6mtXaBHoK9GkV/s1600/P1290009.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTFjiWvNNm7b0kXdeDcxOFWH0ZJDr02xKtA9bLIC_pTW3ePq_gfuLvEbElFQMe9viIh3LFNeP3XNRV-laybLI3uorORlhw3LhldzNQHQ-XXfDhIk1cjnkhRwZeSib2Rhz6mtXaBHoK9GkV/s320/P1290009.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">modern 4mm tarred hemp marline and hemp sail twine</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b></u>Cordage and seaming twine suitable for this era should be made of hemp. I found modern suppliers for both. I carry small diameter <a href="http://www.tarsmell.com/marline.html" target="_blank">(4mm) tarred hemp marlin</a> provided by American Rope & Tar LLC in my ditty bag to worm rigging and for decorative knotwork like the three-strand Turk's Head knot in the image, above. <a href="https://rwrope.com/hemp-seaming-twine/" target="_blank"> Hemp seaming twine</a> requires wax, the same as for lighter linen thread, and for this there is beeswax. I have a modern cake of beeswax but am anticipating delivery of an old and well used vintage piece from a nautical collection. <br />
<br />
I do love the smell of the Stockholm tar that was used for my tarred marline. You can also buy tarred seaming twine, but it has a burnt, acrid smell and is extremely sticky. I have a ball of both types of twine from <a href="https://rwrope.com/hemp-seaming-twine/" target="_blank">R&W Rope</a>, but keep the tarred stuff in its own little bag.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Seaming and Rigger's Palms</b></u><br />
<br />
A leather palm with a rawhide or metal thimble was a requirement for cordwainers and other leather <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBaYRwoBNVLZn6DMhoHZmgTl8H_8keyx_uwaEwm3olhwDN8zuIwRqSJ-g7_HH2KIcWRmM1qCesixF3RWHJ18NiPEI6A6twFxj-dypV3CTfnxuu_90NoYy9cK3uAT2vbiUu2jXE2IKtR-i3/s1600/P1290007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBaYRwoBNVLZn6DMhoHZmgTl8H_8keyx_uwaEwm3olhwDN8zuIwRqSJ-g7_HH2KIcWRmM1qCesixF3RWHJ18NiPEI6A6twFxj-dypV3CTfnxuu_90NoYy9cK3uAT2vbiUu2jXE2IKtR-i3/s320/P1290007.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">two vintage seaming palms</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
workers as well as for sail makers and riggers to protect their hands when pressing needles through thick materials. The same basic style of seaming palm was used interchangeably among the leather working and sail making professions, but riggers eventually developed a specialized palm that more fully protected the thumb. The contents of antique ditty bags almost always include palms, sometimes several of them. I have two vintage seaming palms that probably date from the late 19th or early 20th century (shown at right). The larger one with a brass thimble came from a nautical collection in England, and one with a thick leather covered thimble came from the West Coast of the US. 18th century palms may have been of an even simpler, primitive style than these examples, but they will do until I can find better documentation for them.<br />
<b><u>Bench Hooks<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8oT06FR0CtrAjaEwIMHthyphenhyphen7Pc9fROWh9vHTP8-09KgNMb6RL3GHWnqOx1r6lfiymVuR6EM6uESVjqz0eiGPXSPBC1c18Gq2jUEZJqN-w8eT6AAHB9C19JTkhyphenhyphennyHKmqzJhe-r4yqhNAmI/s1600/Screenshot+2016-01-29+08.15.12.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8oT06FR0CtrAjaEwIMHthyphenhyphen7Pc9fROWh9vHTP8-09KgNMb6RL3GHWnqOx1r6lfiymVuR6EM6uESVjqz0eiGPXSPBC1c18Gq2jUEZJqN-w8eT6AAHB9C19JTkhyphenhyphennyHKmqzJhe-r4yqhNAmI/s320/Screenshot+2016-01-29+08.15.12.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">19th century (1845) fixed sail maker's bench hook with a fixed eye</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</u></b><br />
The sail maker needed to keep the canvas taught when sewing with needle and palm, and his "third hand" was a tool known as a bench hook or sail hook. This was an iron hook with a narrow, sometimes even scorpion-tailed tip, and was attached by a hemp cord to the workbench or another item well fixed in place and so the sailcloth could be pulled tight without piercing it. I have seen 19th century examples with two basic eye forms. The one pictured at left dates from 1845 and is part of my collection. It comes from southwest England and has a simple, fixed eye. The other type has a swivel so the sail maker can turn the canvas without needing to reset the hook. Vintage examples of these mundane but necessary tools of the sail maker's trade are extremely rare today and I was fortunate to acquire my two bench hooks even with their mid-19th century provenance. One has a swivel and one is fixed.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Rigging / Sail Maker's Knive</b><b>s & Sailor's Clasp Knives</b></u><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
The knives used by riggers and sail makers do not have narrow points. The older ones have either squared tips or sheepsfoot blades, ideal for cutting heavy canvas without tearing. <a href="http://www.marlinespike.com/tools.html" target="_blank">One modern maker</a> contends that that spine should be left unhardened so that it can absorb the blows of a mallet, but others familiar with 18th century metallurgy remain unconvinced. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AtTheEasternDoor/?fref=ts" target="_blank">Ward Oles of At The Eastern Door</a> tells me; " A properly forged knife with an equally appropriate drawn temper should take not only the repeated blows of a mallet but also resist deformation, especially with a heavy 1/4" spine."<br />
<span class="_5yl5"><br />Before they were made produced and purpose made in places like Sheffield, England, rigging knives </span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQTmNdg5TfbU9YGRwZwZV6ejxURe3okzXAecssoVomHEiuFR7K417eh97qqQ-gVkgpHTaxxue8WB5XQjnqcZ5hQElJebvevlBWmh2gf_XySfKQGzhyxYCOOfh-1EHecRRoSKJKzsQRAtR-/s1600/Knife.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQTmNdg5TfbU9YGRwZwZV6ejxURe3okzXAecssoVomHEiuFR7K417eh97qqQ-gVkgpHTaxxue8WB5XQjnqcZ5hQElJebvevlBWmh2gf_XySfKQGzhyxYCOOfh-1EHecRRoSKJKzsQRAtR-/s320/Knife.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Asian fishing knife</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
were often sailor fashioned, and could be a simple as a cut down knife blade with a wooden handle. There are 19th century examples with hemp twine fancywork either hitched or grafted over the handles. I do not own one of these, yet, but if I master the art of needle grafting, I'll probably make one for myself.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>Caution</b>:</span> I picked up the antique iron friction folding knife (at right) that is sometimes described in online auctions as dating from the 18th century. It is actually a Asian peasant's fishing knife, used for mending nets. Not sure if it <a href="https://www.chinese-items.com/old-chinese-knives-prod-en-1758" target="_blank">originates in China </a>or SE Asia, but regardless it does not have a plausible application for my 18th century American nautical impression.<br />
<br />
<b><u>Serving Mallets and Serving Boards</u></b><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqX8-0oQ6PLSFRDgfoXsAmTR09km4leZlyhLotCA9HJKd3TaVZAgfgtqaYTlbu9BTNcs869NRUztBgAr2YM3oNQi5hccyWY2dLUpPua1CPSuGc5xii5w-z33INnnO8cDxmS9qldyxYW6Mj/s1600/Serving+Mallet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqX8-0oQ6PLSFRDgfoXsAmTR09km4leZlyhLotCA9HJKd3TaVZAgfgtqaYTlbu9BTNcs869NRUztBgAr2YM3oNQi5hccyWY2dLUpPua1CPSuGc5xii5w-z33INnnO8cDxmS9qldyxYW6Mj/s320/Serving+Mallet.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Serving mallet</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>"Worm and parcel with the lay / Turn and Serve the other Way" </i> <br />
<br />
Natural rope fibers are vulnerable to rot, a particular problem for a sailing vessel's standing rigging that is constantly exposed to the elements. The solution was to treat the rigging so that water was unable to penetrate between the strands of the big cables. Smaller diameter strands were "wormed" between the marl so the rigging diameter became cylindrical, then wrapped in the same direction - with the lay - with strips of tarred canvas. This was secured by "serving" small diameter marline as tight as possible all the way down the cable in the opposite direction. The tools used to serve the large diameter rigging were known as serving mallets and were almost always made of hardwoods. Over time the groove in the side of the mallet would become worn down from constant abrading against the wrapped rigging, with well used examples appearing almost crescent shaped in profile. The marline would also wear grooves in the mallet on either side of the handle. I have a vintage serving mallet that shows very little wear at all, and it is too large to fit in my ditty bag.<br />
<br />
For smaller diameter rope there were serving boards made from a single piece of hardwood (or whale <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwGgtj4eU-V8K-ZOIIyztkwnwobsYIxy1wKQn48VK5h9TGzM7RHEZind_OzXaimUfTG_lcjkEWJPTbTt2Ru5jyZ8OSPMNv75bdBpuBaXl8gMcQz2C2Gr7LgP7d4Lt5AYzoNLtvrVctuMS3/s1600/Serving+board+and+seam+rubber.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwGgtj4eU-V8K-ZOIIyztkwnwobsYIxy1wKQn48VK5h9TGzM7RHEZind_OzXaimUfTG_lcjkEWJPTbTt2Ru5jyZ8OSPMNv75bdBpuBaXl8gMcQz2C2Gr7LgP7d4Lt5AYzoNLtvrVctuMS3/s320/Serving+board+and+seam+rubber.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">lignum vitae serving mallet and mahogany seam rubber</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
bone) with a curved, almost scooped head. Later examples sometimes have offset scoops, or reels attached to the handle to hold the serving line. Mine is older and sourced from southwest England. It is made of lignum vitae, among the hardest and densest grained of all hardwoods. Here it is, at right, along with the prize artifact in my collection...a mahogany seam rubber<br />
<br />
<b><u>Seam Rubbers</u></b><br />
<u><b><br /></b></u>Creasing a seam in heavy canvas or leather required pressing with something strong and easy to hold inn the hand that would neither tear the material nor crack under strain. A sail maker would do this with a hardwood (or whale bone) tool that came to be known as a seam rubber. The earliest ones were very basic tools, just a wedge of hardwood with a blunt edge, but by the 19th century there were becoming increasingly elaborate and some are masterful works of folk art. These are highly collectible and you are lucky if you can find an original for less than a new car payment. Mine came from Westport, Massachusetts and my car has not been repossessed. It is made of mahogany, a 6" long with a 2" wedge that curves at the base to form two hearts at the sides. The handle tapers from the middle and the geometric pummel is known as a chamfered cube.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5i3qAEXls40nHdnbpZTUt8xRoxSNWYi91OJqgM-7Ci4Lor5dnl-oTlc_k03VKEOuINL2fh5ZBVm0qNsNireEWcFGi91JG9ms6KXOmXJm075GFCLAl3fcHhsrfzHbC72oHgHj4I4Ib69MO/s1600/P1290005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5i3qAEXls40nHdnbpZTUt8xRoxSNWYi91OJqgM-7Ci4Lor5dnl-oTlc_k03VKEOuINL2fh5ZBVm0qNsNireEWcFGi91JG9ms6KXOmXJm075GFCLAl3fcHhsrfzHbC72oHgHj4I4Ib69MO/s320/P1290005.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXf6x8Qi3lPTTZtI3IXfNh_emHfnC4fCuvUtlcOW4wMjdQVI1mXf53rnMGhIVSZnj2Axp_eY2HwMeRto3mg_I5vUbZqGflyZqCwZG7jFO5P4wEPJN4nGBzlijTdUq6DkcDa1sjlBsMQcrJ/s1600/P1290006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXf6x8Qi3lPTTZtI3IXfNh_emHfnC4fCuvUtlcOW4wMjdQVI1mXf53rnMGhIVSZnj2Axp_eY2HwMeRto3mg_I5vUbZqGflyZqCwZG7jFO5P4wEPJN4nGBzlijTdUq6DkcDa1sjlBsMQcrJ/s320/P1290006.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b><u>A final note of caution</u></b>: There is much in this post, <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/reconstructed-18th-century-sailors.html" target="_blank">and the one preceding it</a>, that remains conjectural for the mid to late 18th century. Early ditty bags of incontrovertible provenance remain elusive and it is possible that they came into use several decades after the period of my maritime seaman's impression (1760-1780). Likewise, some of the hand tools used by sailors became more refined during the 19th century and may have been more primitive than some of what I've managed to collect. My seam rubber may be too pretty for the late 18th. Then again, perhaps it is fine. The agnostic historian will opt for omission in the absence of definitive evidence.<br />
<br />
These are valid areas for further inquiry. On the other hand, this collection also provides me with opportunities for historical interpretation in appropriate settings, and teaching moments matter.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPxkAkHY_LQbkyNdP-WIdViIwW0b-X8QqBHDba4w1u1LGGuwHnOnSCFW8jhwEszLmzVSxscNsYENdU8ilxCYoPkHoul9qWYRvPdWQAsJABPx4IyM8EsbQjX1_uQ0mpSr8aT_Oix79E2mca/s1600/Sailmaking+with+sailmaker%2527s+tools.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPxkAkHY_LQbkyNdP-WIdViIwW0b-X8QqBHDba4w1u1LGGuwHnOnSCFW8jhwEszLmzVSxscNsYENdU8ilxCYoPkHoul9qWYRvPdWQAsJABPx4IyM8EsbQjX1_uQ0mpSr8aT_Oix79E2mca/s640/Sailmaking+with+sailmaker%2527s+tools.jpg" width="494" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://maritime.org/doc/steel/part4.htm" target="_blank">from <i>The Elements and Practice of Rigging And Seamanship</i>, 1794, by David Steel</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcIjILkZxCICRHSYaCljie3WuQhW8VrYo7IilJIUky0Z0TiVeo_A2D9LJNIg9GSmN5_PbXAom3CGSfWNdgkgCfGBGjzzBJraMMwxfDZNmicjbRxW9YbaddZVTK-vgq4rsVHy2UR_MssGkr/s1600/sail+detail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcIjILkZxCICRHSYaCljie3WuQhW8VrYo7IilJIUky0Z0TiVeo_A2D9LJNIg9GSmN5_PbXAom3CGSfWNdgkgCfGBGjzzBJraMMwxfDZNmicjbRxW9YbaddZVTK-vgq4rsVHy2UR_MssGkr/s320/sail+detail.jpg" width="221" /></a></div>
<br />
<span id="goog_80173216"></span><span id="goog_80173217"></span><span id="goog_80173218"></span><span id="goog_80173219"></span>Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-70095334566087748372016-02-03T02:23:00.003-08:002016-02-03T10:31:08.846-08:00Reconstructed 18th Century Sailor's Ditty Bag<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsIZvHMdvS0_0Dx0ofw2wPOkQ0DupJJZDAQRSM8Js9v6j01iI4xTZ9i-_GZEIB6-lYQFQTFS9J8dmnAbSZFzw174OiEDLfGAcM0BEcoyhvY5DNaVUU8oiuAj9x7mpEJF43F_3FbkSIqsPk/s1600/18th+century+ditty+bag+20+inches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsIZvHMdvS0_0Dx0ofw2wPOkQ0DupJJZDAQRSM8Js9v6j01iI4xTZ9i-_GZEIB6-lYQFQTFS9J8dmnAbSZFzw174OiEDLfGAcM0BEcoyhvY5DNaVUU8oiuAj9x7mpEJF43F_3FbkSIqsPk/s640/18th+century+ditty+bag+20+inches.jpg" width="211" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.skinnerinc.com/auctions/2527M/lots/93" target="_blank">American 18th century Ditty Bag</a> <br />
linen with hemp lanyard </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
I wanted to inhabit my <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/01/impression-american-merchant-seaman.html" target="_blank">1760-1780 American merchant seaman's impression</a> more fully than just wearing the period-appropriate clothing I had researched and documented for it. Lacking a berth on an appropriate vessel, and without <a href="http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/05/04/404230616/replica-of-lafayettes-ship-recreates-historic-voyage-to-america" target="_blank">the time, resources and youthful audacity to devote to months at sea</a>, I decided to concentrate on certain elements of marlinespike seamanship that I could practice at home. I elected to begin with construction of an 18th century sailor's ditty bag, complete with fancy work lanyard knotted in hemp marline, and started collecting suitable items as its contents for use during historical interpretation.<br />
<br />
The ditty bag was the nautical equivalent of the long hunter's "possibles bag": a container for keeping near to hand the small gear and personal items that were needed on a daily basis. The artifact pictured at left that sold at auction in 2010 was identified as an American 18th century ditty bag. Its construction is typical of ditty bags made before the mid-19th century, after which cotton canvas replaced linen, and metal grommets were used instead of those made by hand from strands of hemp line. Some ditty bags today - more likely to be employed as wine caddies than for seamanship - feature roped bottoms that are flat instead of rounded, but these are modern innovations. <br />
<br />
Analysis of surviving, early ditty bags <a href="http://www.whalingmuseum.org/explore/collections/database/search-objects" target="_blank">in museum collections</a>, along with images contained in <a href="http://eholdenantiques.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=1511" target="_blank">records of private sales</a>, indicates some variation in the smaller details of construction, such as bag diameter, lanyard length and number of strands, but they are closely related in most other respects. The main components of such ditty bags are: <br />
<br />
- an open, cylindrical linen canvas bag, between 5" and 7" in diameter and 16" - 20" deep, with hand <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy2dx78Y8s2mUgkOwP8leX1eq6tIMLOUcf3ajI4ZALkIDafPbPok9kxcSdgZZoSGiYFj_jvYZ1iP4zBUQDACpwibztDXb20nOznvIq85akDcnMZVyAFlPOJej3J09-Z1ViSMgYEzliLoyi/s1600/1800s+ditty+bag+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy2dx78Y8s2mUgkOwP8leX1eq6tIMLOUcf3ajI4ZALkIDafPbPok9kxcSdgZZoSGiYFj_jvYZ1iP4zBUQDACpwibztDXb20nOznvIq85akDcnMZVyAFlPOJej3J09-Z1ViSMgYEzliLoyi/s320/1800s+ditty+bag+2.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">early ditty bag without its lanyard</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
stitched, flat seams and a round bottom;<br />
<br />
- small grommets made from spliced, small diameter hemp cord marline, hand stitched in linen thread or hemp sail twine; <br />
<br />
- a lanyard also made from hemp marline, usually tarred, comprising anything between four and twelve strands, with a loop at the end so that the bag could hang from a hammock hook when not in use. The lanyard is usually attached to the bag by splicing loops through the grommets. It could be quite rudimentary, or feature a number of fancywork knots that showcased the sailor's skills. I am by no means an expert at knot identification, but the 8 strand example, above, seems to employ a double chain sennet and two stopper knots for the handle with a running Turk's Head for the closure. Only the knotted portions have been tarred or varnished in this particular lanyard.<br />
<br />
For my 18th century reconstruction, I opted for a linen canvas ditty bag 7" in diameter and 18" deep, following the diagram, provided by <span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.frayedknotarts.com/files/dittybagbox.html" target="_blank">Master Sailmaker Louis Bartos of MARINER SAILS</a> in Ketchikan, Alaska</span>. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1jVxqAUqNwsfVfguIR1pBWf5uRkYU-dTF2LZ0zRxscBQfDfChaRvi4dour7ZfbEA7_jFhZ_65d8aY1pSY8n4AjaioWEKXvL3dYD2m3I4gvPk0Ln0UdeziEG50RXzDfPahQ1AMQbPtqBE/s1600/Ditty+Bag+pattern.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc1jVxqAUqNwsfVfguIR1pBWf5uRkYU-dTF2LZ0zRxscBQfDfChaRvi4dour7ZfbEA7_jFhZ_65d8aY1pSY8n4AjaioWEKXvL3dYD2m3I4gvPk0Ln0UdeziEG50RXzDfPahQ1AMQbPtqBE/s400/Ditty+Bag+pattern.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ditty Bag Construction Diagram courtesy Louis Bartos of Mariner Sails</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="https://rwrope.com/tarred-marline-tarred-hemp-twine/" target="_blank">4mm tarred hemp marline</a> formed the grommets, which I hand worked with the same waxed linen twine I used to sew the bag. The next one I make will be sewn with a thicker hemp sail twine, but otherwise I am quite pleased with the
results. <br />
<br />
I used a #13 sail maker's needle from <a href="http://www.sailrite.com/Hand-Needles-Pack-of-5" target="_blank">Wm. Smith & Sons</a> and found it pierced my line canvas easily. It was, as they say in Southeastern New England, "wickid shahp".<br />
<br />
I followed the instructions provided by Hervey Smith in his estimable book <a href="http://www.mainemaritimemuseum.org/shop/product/marlinspike-sailor-by-hervey-garrett-smith/" target="_blank">The Marlinspike Sailor</a> and used three 7' doubled strands to form a six strand lanyard.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Based on Smith's instructions, and a number of helpful YouTube tutorials geared primarily at the para-cord knotting set, I taught myself how to tie the various lanyard knots. I began with a simple sennet or braid in the middle of the three strands, then "clapped a seizing" around it with twine to form a loop from the bight. Below that I tied the first stopper knot, of a sort known since the early 19th century as Matthew Walker's Knot. It is described as such in Darcy Lever's (1808) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/The-Young-Officers-Sheet-Anchor/dp/0486402207" target="_blank"><i>The Young Sea Officer's Sheet Anchor: Or a Key to the Leading of Rigging and to Practical Seamanship</i></a>; and I'd lay you long odds that the stopper knots in the 18th century ditty bag lanyard, above, are evidence that it was in use during the previous century. It can be made with various numbers of strands, and my lanyard has two of them made with six strands on either end of the handle. Finishing these knots required a small fid to take in the slack (more on these tools, below).<br />
<br />
In between the Matthew Walker's knots I placed an alternating series of round crown sennets: first laid clockwise and then counter. I found it was easier at this stage to stick a large fid through the lanyard loop and then lay the strands out in wide bights before drawing them tight. The result is a very satisfying handle with 14 alternating round crown sennet knots.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2XboXWmoz41Mucku7AeQYWR4cXxnCZ2J_xxW5k8cobj2r34P3uYi0pUPtKjeelUn-dR3436lF3EXI5AnaM11HpRdmkm5n3I-3UzuoTwq937mpHkOx0ES0l-yuXm5Au3PkWK7XwafYxGdY/s1600/three+strand+sennit%252C+Matthew+Walker%2527s+knot%252C+six+strand+round+crown+sennit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2XboXWmoz41Mucku7AeQYWR4cXxnCZ2J_xxW5k8cobj2r34P3uYi0pUPtKjeelUn-dR3436lF3EXI5AnaM11HpRdmkm5n3I-3UzuoTwq937mpHkOx0ES0l-yuXm5Au3PkWK7XwafYxGdY/s320/three+strand+sennit%252C+Matthew+Walker%2527s+knot%252C+six+strand+round+crown+sennit.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The lanyard in progress, with alternating round crown sennets<br />
formed below a Matthew Walker's knot</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTu5v9EMWMfzT0rqb8RF3i_AsS6nODn3q2mOfNC222XkbUE44k77enyjFvExqdQ9w5AAul3WzISqcgMntapEpsEe1kRH0t9QD3P68xAo9bmEUXPYpv68wtK3UYo4x5CL2KXxlNZ4-6gAxP/s1600/Lanyard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTu5v9EMWMfzT0rqb8RF3i_AsS6nODn3q2mOfNC222XkbUE44k77enyjFvExqdQ9w5AAul3WzISqcgMntapEpsEe1kRH0t9QD3P68xAo9bmEUXPYpv68wtK3UYo4x5CL2KXxlNZ4-6gAxP/s320/Lanyard.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The finished lanyard handle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCHxdOL6Yj1km4i4LbZrEeS_6oVLDXx45sbwSoXytc0sDl9V4VKfvWmDnLRAb_8LSqDVH7rNESd3m1rZsTi8dujneo6JwW5Y3VwiLiVpRmXXm1dIIjAoCT3i3HEBc9Ry7c3w7bWCcaGkKA/s1600/three+strand+running+turks+head.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCHxdOL6Yj1km4i4LbZrEeS_6oVLDXx45sbwSoXytc0sDl9V4VKfvWmDnLRAb_8LSqDVH7rNESd3m1rZsTi8dujneo6JwW5Y3VwiLiVpRmXXm1dIIjAoCT3i3HEBc9Ry7c3w7bWCcaGkKA/s320/three+strand+running+turks+head.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A 3 strand running Turks Head knot closes the bag</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzK5f15i73vFB2Ndiw9319V2N_sk0Cx1Q452QjTYklTOE9bQIvoR0Jzc3nIfg1aTFA9C7ceBWHIhFmKy6Eef9wTvVQekLUDVH7AUcRbD1SJODVSHhQSBQ_2SW41nTrW28mCGsBnZg6Jpuq/s1600/Tim+Abbott+ditty+bag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
I went with a running Turks Head to draw the strands of the bag closed once these had been spliced through the grommets. The first one I made was a double strand Turk's Head which I varnished as the various manuals recommend, but tarred marline really doesn't need varnish and I replaced it with a three Strand Turks Head which I like much better. This is a fun knot to tie, and a large fid proved to be an excellent form for reducing the size of the knot by pushing it closer to the tip each time I took in the slack. The key to this knot is retracing, and it took more than 4' of marline to make a three stand knot the size I was looking for. I just tucked in the ends and pressed it to finish and it has not slipped or unraveled yet. I think I could have taken the slack in just a bit more in places but knotting my first ever lanyard gave me a great deal of satisfaction.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizwAR_xSywPgmwA8zqLorfbjjwtUwp2GNPIw5L0GXpsBEOHZFYhROt_Tswxw0K_SxSrBnTiIOKXuoKQ3_Yp1ZE0c0v6DpHuPWQv3-ibyxFOpctUJmc2R8YJwlqTbad9XWowZC07eTxhdlo/s1600/P8290009.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizwAR_xSywPgmwA8zqLorfbjjwtUwp2GNPIw5L0GXpsBEOHZFYhROt_Tswxw0K_SxSrBnTiIOKXuoKQ3_Yp1ZE0c0v6DpHuPWQv3-ibyxFOpctUJmc2R8YJwlqTbad9XWowZC07eTxhdlo/s400/P8290009.JPG" width="300" /></a></div>
<br />
The finished ditty bag has served me well. It is a popular ditty bag pattern that, except for the materials used, has remained little changed during the last 2 centuries. I'll discuss the tools and personal items I researched and acquired to carry in it <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/whats-in-my-conjectural-18th-century.html" target="_blank">in a subsequent post</a>.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzK5f15i73vFB2Ndiw9319V2N_sk0Cx1Q452QjTYklTOE9bQIvoR0Jzc3nIfg1aTFA9C7ceBWHIhFmKy6Eef9wTvVQekLUDVH7AUcRbD1SJODVSHhQSBQ_2SW41nTrW28mCGsBnZg6Jpuq/s1600/Tim+Abbott+ditty+bag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="489" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzK5f15i73vFB2Ndiw9319V2N_sk0Cx1Q452QjTYklTOE9bQIvoR0Jzc3nIfg1aTFA9C7ceBWHIhFmKy6Eef9wTvVQekLUDVH7AUcRbD1SJODVSHhQSBQ_2SW41nTrW28mCGsBnZg6Jpuq/s640/Tim+Abbott+ditty+bag.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reconstructed 18th Century Sailor's Ditty Bag <br />
made by Tim Abbott from linen canvas and tarred hemp marline</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-78888197577772926442016-01-27T08:09:00.000-08:002016-02-03T02:24:30.236-08:00Impression: American Merchant Seaman (1760-1780)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMLc0i2St7fWRiSnrOTv1Ma_1R0d9_qbKCjblUiBzvmJxPOU4x5vxnk6KXz78Ef0Sfi-GE6u-jNAfk0GZpdDtJlJP5jv8tOXDi4Y4sToQdnB0RUC4GpGFC7ebfswxs-qt3-LM7D33nM-K4/s1600/Sailor+tim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMLc0i2St7fWRiSnrOTv1Ma_1R0d9_qbKCjblUiBzvmJxPOU4x5vxnk6KXz78Ef0Sfi-GE6u-jNAfk0GZpdDtJlJP5jv8tOXDi4Y4sToQdnB0RUC4GpGFC7ebfswxs-qt3-LM7D33nM-K4/s320/Sailor+tim.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>American Merchant Seaman (1765) in 2015</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The origin of this impression was a 2014 invitation to participate in an event organized by the Newport Historical Society to be one of the historical interpreters helping to depict the events surrounding Newport's <a href="http://www.revolutionarynewport.com/the-1765-stamp-act-riot.html" target="_blank">1765 Stamp Tax Riot</a>. Less than a month before the event, I was asked if I could portray a sailor, so with assorted working class small clothes and a striped wool hat from my collection, I put together something passable for that era. The event was well researched and well run, and I found it such fun that I decided to significantly up my game for the following year's <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKya5et2Q4o" target="_blank">250th anniversary commemoration</a>. <br />
<br />
It has become my favorite impression. The photograph, above, shows me on the morning of the 2015 event - called the Newport Stamp Tax "Protest" because one cannot get a police permit for a riot - sporting the results of my research and the fruits of a collaboration with a fine tailor, Patrick Eckelmann.<br />
<br />
<!--[if !mso]>
<style>
v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:DoNotShowComments/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1036"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzYtaujFeERMbUAmGtCHI2EDQNyEU6Fqsj_bRWpiredobRZSrkeU_q75Pukjcj-nNSrLRJTRhhehDLcE1n35isCn6vqMqD2nqg28kF6LGjoJ8-K-rjd8lZzSe4yhJheXK4MNtCq5ChKyG/s1600/Jacket.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUzYtaujFeERMbUAmGtCHI2EDQNyEU6Fqsj_bRWpiredobRZSrkeU_q75Pukjcj-nNSrLRJTRhhehDLcE1n35isCn6vqMqD2nqg28kF6LGjoJ8-K-rjd8lZzSe4yhJheXK4MNtCq5ChKyG/s320/Jacket.jpg" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Brown Kersey Sailor's Jacket by Pat Eckelmann</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i>
“[1777] <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a brown sailor jacket, and an
under ditto, near the same color, of Germans Serge, bound with a binding
something lighter.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> - NJ Runaway newspaper description</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>This reconstructed merchant seaman's jacket is based on extensive period
documentation and is suitable for an American sailor from the 1760s to about<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 1780</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2015/04/seafaring-dress-mentioned-in-new-jersey.html" target="_blank">A complete review of seafaring dress mentioned in NJ runaway and deserter descriptions</a> in the period between 1734 and 1782 reveals 16 references to blue
sailor jackets, most dating from the mid 1760s onward, but also five references
to brown sailor jackets in the 1760s and 1770s, as well as examples in several other
colors. <br />
<br />
Kersey, along with other coarse, water resistant wool fabrics, is well documented for
sailor’s jackets during this period. Because I haven't found a good source for period correct German Serge, and because it is
underrepresented in the hobby, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Brown
Kersey Wool</span> was used for this reconstruction. I also decided to have the coat body lined with white wool flannel. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>In the same NJ runaway ads, when
linings are described for Sailor’s jackets they are either white or red wool
flannel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdAdfL46hsctQHlBiQHQA1_hL88TTM2po2pXWedMhFkYOsbNlylKIe6IbhcYFpWhhoy56-Ie_yZsDvTCPBZ3pBiI9lgLuCYl1hhSfqK4uqC7Utb2hscQT21qNSjsSDvJBjFW_DmUBltbQ5/s1600/Pockets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdAdfL46hsctQHlBiQHQA1_hL88TTM2po2pXWedMhFkYOsbNlylKIe6IbhcYFpWhhoy56-Ie_yZsDvTCPBZ3pBiI9lgLuCYl1hhSfqK4uqC7Utb2hscQT21qNSjsSDvJBjFW_DmUBltbQ5/s320/Pockets.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
Single breasted sailor jackets were a prevalent style in this period. Mine has small brass buttons with buttonholes worked in white silk twist. It has no collar or lapels and two small pockets, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">lined with osnabrig. The short skirts cut away at the front, which is less common than straight skirts but still decently represented in period illustrations, particularly in the 1760s. It has slashed sleeves with placets and four brass buttons</span><br />
<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> Sailor clothing in this period was sometimes bound with tape, either a
similar shade as the coat body or considerably lighter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In keeping with the 1777 runaway description, above, the binding for this brown kersey jacket is <a href="http://www.textilereproductions.com/store/vegetable-dyed-worsted-twill-tape-one-inch-wide" target="_blank">1” worsted twill tape</a> vegetable dyed to a golden brown color. It took all 5 yards I provided to bind just the the coat edges and the sleeve placets <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>with ½” showing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
<br />
Trowsers were quite<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>common
seafaring dress in this period, and there are many examples in contemporary
illustrations and runway descriptions, where they are often simply called ‘sailor’s
trowsers’:<br />
<br />
[1768] “long striped cotton trowsers”<br />
[1768]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“white tow trowsers”<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><br />
[1772] “long Osnaberg trowsers”<br />
[1773] “a pair of check trowsers”<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Sailor trowsers during this period were not wide legged
slops, but nor were they close fitting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
tended to taper with the leg until reaching just above the
ankle.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8G0WLJQZW5s_62V9Awx04uTOYfe67a4r3oPf-PXjbZ7cjokN4rYhpxzT6wQAf60F55PeVqwi_cdNft4ECGUsl2fVO0S4BBy7rUFsMYswV2cD-8UjNlup378ognWBQQZZBLjRZn0jeey62/s1600/trowser+eyelets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8G0WLJQZW5s_62V9Awx04uTOYfe67a4r3oPf-PXjbZ7cjokN4rYhpxzT6wQAf60F55PeVqwi_cdNft4ECGUsl2fVO0S4BBy7rUFsMYswV2cD-8UjNlup378ognWBQQZZBLjRZn0jeey62/s320/trowser+eyelets.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Detail: striped linen ticking trowser eyelets and vent</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
My trowsers are of natural linen ticking with a blue and white stripe. They have a narrow, two button fall with 3/4” pewter buttons provided. The trowser stripes are vertical except for the waistband in which the are horizontal. The waistband has 2 large 1” pewter buttons (provided). The legs end above the ankle and brown and red tape (provided) closes the back vent.<br />
<br />
One unusual feature of these sailor trowsers are the pockets. Several of the 1774 -1775 watercolor illustrations made by Lt. Gabriel Bray, such as the one that appears below, depict sailors from H.M.S. "Pallas" wearing trowsers with side seam pockets. Mine are lined in osnabrig. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZA3AZF6Lzr69SUs0_AxiL43D4PMCHEwr3QO4_Uprbr-O5xw_bPDabSZTvJ80bY7OlXcoxJiF778m8s7qsoDGbXt6_aJe5yZrndQZXa4_Eaa-57IpNLCoX78Mz7RxPNEBf73uKTJPWZj6p/s1600/Bray+gun.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZA3AZF6Lzr69SUs0_AxiL43D4PMCHEwr3QO4_Uprbr-O5xw_bPDabSZTvJ80bY7OlXcoxJiF778m8s7qsoDGbXt6_aJe5yZrndQZXa4_Eaa-57IpNLCoX78Mz7RxPNEBf73uKTJPWZj6p/s320/Bray+gun.jpg" width="248" /></a></div>
The rest of clothing for this impression was not purpose-made specifically for it but was among my collection and suitable for a variety of interpretations. The short brimmed, round blocked hat is one that appears in period illustrations, but also stands in for the cut down military hats worn in 1758 by General Abercrombie's ill-fated forces in the attack of the defenses of Fort Carillon on Lake Champlain. The shirt is small-checked linen with narrow cuffs that close with sleeve links. <br />
<br />
It was not necessary to wear an under jacket or waistcoat with a sailor jacket, and in warm weather it was often discarded. Sleeveless waistcoats worn by sailors in period depictions often have stripes, sometimes running laterally. I'm working on two striped waistcoats now that could work well for this impression: one <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/01/documentation-and-reconstruction-of.html" target="_blank">a double breasted hybrid in striped calamanco</a> and another single-breasted, without skirts, with lateral stripes in red and yellow linsey-woolsey.<br />
<br />
The stockings I wore for the Newport event were knit light blue wool thread,
though I also wear gray <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq0ZB_b_1mrpHn2FkuO1UWfSzFUg6LWFnjWKbGOEZl4HM5EVT8XZbnscCywM-ODwL6EfAZav18w8oHdeFJq3Bder5XkTniwi9b0-nh8w1ab1tohkQf8OV8IXUY4Tt0DjvWlfarsnv2_gCr/s1600/detail+from+Copley%2527s+Watson+and+the+Shark.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq0ZB_b_1mrpHn2FkuO1UWfSzFUg6LWFnjWKbGOEZl4HM5EVT8XZbnscCywM-ODwL6EfAZav18w8oHdeFJq3Bder5XkTniwi9b0-nh8w1ab1tohkQf8OV8IXUY4Tt0DjvWlfarsnv2_gCr/s320/detail+from+Copley%2527s+Watson+and+the+Shark.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Detail: Watson and the Shark (1778) by J.S. Copley</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
ones of sock length with these trowsers. Small,
buckled shoes, rather than bare feet, were worn by sailors ashore as
well as on shipboard. The cotton neck handkerchief is a spotted bandanna
in a period design, though I'll eventually find one in black silk as an
alternative neck covering. It can be knotted lower down on the neck than
I'm wearing it here, sometimes worn with the triangle of the bandanna unfolded
at the back of the shoulders, as seen on the sailor in the painting at right.<br />
<br />
Jack ashore needed protection from foot pads and the press gang, and
sailors with a stick, cane or cudgel of some sort are extremely common
in period illustrations. Mine is an antique burl handled cane with a
stout knob and lovely dark patina.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvgJdpGd-bFmXdAsXXXl_YxC-BklIaNphyphenhyphenok5tV3ofULx9ffVaA3PXUfhpq79S5pyLIl7E0kJMNShFuX3A3kqTXDGuR6EhvLvRKbE-dQBextDo2cVlgu2kL4QX0NaqolGmFFjr9Q6ltqkj/s1600/Sailor%2527s+Ditty+Bag+by+Tim+Abbott.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvgJdpGd-bFmXdAsXXXl_YxC-BklIaNphyphenhyphenok5tV3ofULx9ffVaA3PXUfhpq79S5pyLIl7E0kJMNShFuX3A3kqTXDGuR6EhvLvRKbE-dQBextDo2cVlgu2kL4QX0NaqolGmFFjr9Q6ltqkj/s320/Sailor%2527s+Ditty+Bag+by+Tim+Abbott.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">18th century linen canvas ditty bag by Tim Abbott</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
How one inhabits the clothing and uses the material culture lies at the heart of an effective impression and engaging historical interpretation. I'm particularly pleased with the ditty bag I researched and made myself for this impression. I'll document and describe the process that went into <a href="http://notfellows.blogspot.com/2016/02/reconstructed-18th-century-sailors.html" target="_blank">constructing the bag and knotting the lanyard</a> in a subsequent post, as well as share the antique sail maker's and rigger's tool I've acquired for its contents. <br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span>Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8439768145458392597.post-71299106318239853242016-01-20T19:47:00.000-08:002016-01-21T10:14:30.215-08:00Documentation and Reconstruction of a Hybrid Style Double Breasted Waistcoat in Striped Calamanco<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>
I'm collaborating with a fine tailor, Patrick Eckelmann, on a new 18th century waistcoat project. What I have in mind is a hybrid waistcoat that features both single and double breasted elements. It will feature a wonderful historic textile known as striped calamanco that is virtually unrepresented in the reenacting community, and the garment when finished will be suitable for several 1760s-1770s impressions. <br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>
While double breasted waistcoats fully came into their own after 1780, they were by no means unknown in prior decades. Examination of NJ runaway descriptions from period newspapers in the decade between between 1768 and 1777 reveals quite a number of individuals who wore double breasted jackets, waistcoats and vests in a variety of fabrics, as the following excerpts illustrate:<br />
<br />
“ [1768] a double breasted swanskin jacket with black spots, and brown mohair buttons”<br />
“[1769] two striped jackets, one of which is double breasted, without sleeves”<br />
“[1769] a blue and white homespun striped double breasted under jacket without sleeves”<br />
“[1770] blue double breasted [jacket], without sleeves, or lining, metal buttons”<br />
“[1771] two snuff coloured cloth jackets, the under one short, double breasted”<br />
“[1772] a blue double breasted vest”<br />
“[1772] a striped Bengal jacket, double breasted”<br />
“[1772] a cotton and worsted double breasted jacket”<br />
“[1773] lincey Woolsey [vest] , double breasted, of a reddish colour”<br />
“[1773] a red vest without sleeves, double breasted”<br />
“[1775] a light coloured new double breasted under jacket, of fulled lincey”<br />
“[1777] a blue double breasted jacket”<br /><br /><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>Occasionally such descriptions also contain references to a distinctive cut or construction:<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
“[1773] double breasted [jacket] , the fore parts red nap, the back parts striped lincey”<br />
“[1773] a short lightish double breasted under jacket with metal buttons and no skirts”<br />
“[1774] a red frize waistcoat double breasted, with pewter buttons on one side and none on the other”<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span></span><br />
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQbVtuNSkWZf1M_6rTt1xSYWMRQAoq0PGQaXD0UBg6px3h68IejEPGtr4qGzcWmaG0hPscnwGXu8wyznWHzvUgutyeSnYx21bsyTmxrEEgAevo8suivjsBR-yHc_b25Ev0ZiSOS8np9KDK/s1600/P1200051.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQbVtuNSkWZf1M_6rTt1xSYWMRQAoq0PGQaXD0UBg6px3h68IejEPGtr4qGzcWmaG0hPscnwGXu8wyznWHzvUgutyeSnYx21bsyTmxrEEgAevo8suivjsBR-yHc_b25Ev0ZiSOS8np9KDK/s400/P1200051.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
There are also references to waistcoats and jackets made with calamanco, including “a striped calamanco jacket” and “a calimancoe striped waistcoat, with a number of small buttons”: both worn by Irish servant runaways in 1773. Another runaway in 1776 wore "a sleeveless jacket, with the fore parts of red serge, the back parts calamanco” <br />
<br />
During the second half of the 18th century, calamanco was a thin worsted fabric, often striped in multiple colors but sometimes also checked, damasked, or with a satin weave. Norwich, England was famous for it. <br />
<br />
The striped calamanco cloth that I have located for this reconstruction is a 17" by 60" bolt of fabric made by <a href="http://www.eatonhilltextiles.com/" target="_blank">Eaton Hill Textile Works</a>, and is closely matched to an 18th century example. It has stripes in several widths and arrangements and features an astonishing eight colors, including red, pink, yellow, two shades of green, light brown, black and white.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HQ264GfDg2YnNbHCRZiYBe7HaAHZOy8pQ0hSZ5hM0n9rOVoe7siL2Bx8pz2x8ApEjVjpf8JQq3R1s9eMf8xOJ3Dx7YW4ljGtLGEFY60IJP60FPII5eFRKT-qhyBPM5-wp0O5ZvFk39YI/s1600/Cook_Captain_and_Mait_1746-1751.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9HQ264GfDg2YnNbHCRZiYBe7HaAHZOy8pQ0hSZ5hM0n9rOVoe7siL2Bx8pz2x8ApEjVjpf8JQq3R1s9eMf8xOJ3Dx7YW4ljGtLGEFY60IJP60FPII5eFRKT-qhyBPM5-wp0O5ZvFk39YI/s320/Cook_Captain_and_Mait_1746-1751.jpg" width="258" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
There is considerable variation in style, construction and fabric in contemporary runaway descriptions to support a choice of striped calamanco for this waistcoat reconstruction, and also for utilizing a different fabric for the back parts if there is not enough calamanco material for the entire waistcoat. Likewise, while small buttons covered in the same fabric as the front waistcoat panels are an appropriate choice, there is enough variation in the button descriptions in these runaway descriptions to support other options.<br />
<br />
Regarding the pattern of the waistcoat itself, while general trends in double breasted waistcoat construction are discernible from 1750 to 1780, there is far more variety in the available documentation than might at first be suspected, and there are still exceptions to every rule. One of the earliest contemporary images of a sailor wearing a double breasted waistcoat, for example is the sketch (at left) held in the collections of the National Maritime Museum (UK). The central figure is a Scottish Captain whose underjacket appears to have no skirts and has a narrow distance between the paired rows of buttons. This is thought quite typical of such waistcoats from the 1780s onward, yet this sketch is thought to date from about 1750.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh912ZblN5aggdBVgIVkeF4Jh7LKZW4BxPnZa8mdZ1PUSyCnIGRGUzjhiy-BbgoNxPByVhWulR56FqXDR6xrFyuwG417HaBRPiI1oYlNeAunFJbLni7KhKrYXqMgixGS7u-SGuRivsjzXrr/s1600/e32a6d76b4dc0549a0d976ecb677051e.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh912ZblN5aggdBVgIVkeF4Jh7LKZW4BxPnZa8mdZ1PUSyCnIGRGUzjhiy-BbgoNxPByVhWulR56FqXDR6xrFyuwG417HaBRPiI1oYlNeAunFJbLni7KhKrYXqMgixGS7u-SGuRivsjzXrr/s320/e32a6d76b4dc0549a0d976ecb677051e.jpg" width="236" /></a></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span> A second portrait from the same time period (below, at left) shows a gentleman in hunting dress wearing a double breasted striped waistcoat. The subject was a Welshman and President of the Society of Sea Sergeants. His collared double breasted waistcoat with flap pockets and cutaway skirts has small self covered buttons, with a single, third button in the center to close the two bottom halves and perhaps one as well at the collar. The stripes in this case are lateral.<br />
<br />
Gwynne’s waistcoat is an early example of a variation of the double breasted style dating from at least the 1750s. It is actually a hybrid with both single and double breasted elements. Typically one or more of the bottom buttons on such waistcoats were single breasted, with those above arranged in two, widely spaced double rows. This button configuration is similar to those found on regimental coats of the 1750s but usually these waistcoats are without lapels. <br />
<br />
The hybrid waistcoat style seems to have been popular with<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1N7cCZF3IhrbJJGpQvWJ0wGkfPhjp_ef3z_Q2mxvK5UHQiOisAqek02_2iXpSwn9_t81zaUMCJNuVMxrmkXZWmR6pG4Cj_oGHVlRluwVxmlBdHqod_hhtYYI3rh2l-RFEY11IIE4OGhYb/s1600/1762-1763+hybrid+waistcoat.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1N7cCZF3IhrbJJGpQvWJ0wGkfPhjp_ef3z_Q2mxvK5UHQiOisAqek02_2iXpSwn9_t81zaUMCJNuVMxrmkXZWmR6pG4Cj_oGHVlRluwVxmlBdHqod_hhtYYI3rh2l-RFEY11IIE4OGhYb/s320/1762-1763+hybrid+waistcoat.jpg" width="249" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody></tbody></table>
sporting gentlemen like Gwynne based on surviving portraits of the period, but there is variation even among these examples, with skirts of different cuts and lengths and different numbers of single buttons below the double rows. The example at right depicting a gentleman named Francis Burdett dates from 1762-1763 and is one of a series of portraits made of fellow members of the Markeaton Hunt during this time by portrait painter Joseph Wright of Derby. Burdett's waistcoat is typical of the rest worn by his hunting companions: a hybrid with long skirts that are either squared in the typical 1750s style or just slightly cutaway. It is unlined, with two self covered buttons that close the bottom of the waistcoat and a wide double row of small buttons above.<br />
<br />
There is actually a surviving example of a hybrid waistcoat from the collections of Snowhill Manor in Gloucestershire that dates from the 1760s. <br />
<br />
It is made of red, yellow, cream and blue silk, lined with natural linen, and fastens with small flat self covered buttons. The fore parts are striped while the back parts are solid. The skirts are shorter and appear to be more cut away in the fashion that became popular in the 1770s. The pocket flaps lack button closures. <br />
<br />
Although the images below may be reversed, it appears that this double breasted waistcoat was designed to fasten over the left row of buttons rather than the right. The rows also curve slightly inward as they rise toward the center and then curve out again as the approach the shoulders. There are four small buttons that close the bottom, single breasted portion of the waistcoat, and one that closes the neck. It has false side vents and a true back vent.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtA-N892OX0BQhhEV2-620dRTc4D8CHwpbKxF1f5QgHcoLMqRfSGSVKZEkUQzh0g9T8RPpZniBBk7M8kQ_wGZEpdrmKXY5FU0nEpujNMrQC-Z1cCPcqPiWNLrw6aB7IzL9jtcZNmhbxkQd/s1600/c923f8e327a3b0403cfb062942f5cdb1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtA-N892OX0BQhhEV2-620dRTc4D8CHwpbKxF1f5QgHcoLMqRfSGSVKZEkUQzh0g9T8RPpZniBBk7M8kQ_wGZEpdrmKXY5FU0nEpujNMrQC-Z1cCPcqPiWNLrw6aB7IzL9jtcZNmhbxkQd/s400/c923f8e327a3b0403cfb062942f5cdb1.jpg" width="300" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqyPf9izcf-d8q0C8mNfjnF1kSXgXRAvLkjRnlIidWzXrxnSU3d2HKD5fdTcxGOSsFPNJ8StaHspbObkHd2JwZ3iFJfkbQJRIg7OyAbRR1MvWPaGxW8Duoroxc04DpEcKteX-IdukNUZhy/s1600/dcb7873e760508956f68d02b005a5de1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqyPf9izcf-d8q0C8mNfjnF1kSXgXRAvLkjRnlIidWzXrxnSU3d2HKD5fdTcxGOSsFPNJ8StaHspbObkHd2JwZ3iFJfkbQJRIg7OyAbRR1MvWPaGxW8Duoroxc04DpEcKteX-IdukNUZhy/s400/dcb7873e760508956f68d02b005a5de1.jpg" width="300" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<br />
<br />
This waistcoat provides the template for the major design elements of our hybrid waistcoat reconstruction:<br />
<br />
· - The front panels will be vertically striped calamanco, while the back panels may be white<br />
serge.<br />
· - It will have two rows of 9 or 10 rather than 11 small self covered or thread covered<br />
buttons per row, arranged in a slight curve.<br />
· - It will have at least three small buttons that close the bottom of the jacket front.<br />
· - It will have short cutaway skirts <br />
· - It will have two scalloped pockets without buttons and no collar. <br />
<br />
Unlike this surviving example, the reconstructed hybrid waistcoat will be unlined, and it may either lack or include the top button to close the neck at the tailor’s discretion. Instead of silk and linen, it will be constructed of worsted calamanco and serge. It will not be reversible; that is, it will only button on one side, and it will button on the right rather than on the left.<br />
<br />
When it is finished, this striped calamanco and serge hybrid waistcoat ought to work nicely for several of my historical impressions, including that of a 1760-1780 American merchant seaman, among whom striped waistcoats were a popular choice. I could see it working as part of my 1758 New Jersey Provincial Regiment impression as well, for no waistcoats were issued to this unit in that year and soldiers who had them would have likely worn civilian ones. It might likewise do for an early Revolutionary War American militia or even Continental Army impression, especially those units where a wide array of civilian coats were collected and distributed to soldiers. The greatest challenge may not be finding an appropriate, documented use for this 18th century garment, but reconciling its bold stripes and array of colors with the fashion sensibilities of our own era.<br />
<br />
When it is ready, I will of course post pictures. I hope to have it available for this year's Boston Massacre. If so, look for me among the angry sailors.Tim Abbotthttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06849640818435610465noreply@blogger.com0